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k 


A  GRAPHIC  SUMMARY  OF  AMERICAN 
AGRICULTURE 

BASED  LARGELY  ON  THE  CENSUS  OF  1920 


BY 

O.  E.  BAKER,  Agricultural  Economist 
Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics 


CONTENTS 

Page 

latroduction 1 

The  Agricultural  Regions , 7 

The  Physical  Conditions 11 

Land  Utilization,  Present  and  Potential 16 

The  Crops 26 

Live  Stock 64 

The  Farms  and  the  People 83 


jT^^'^i-rt. 


Separate  from  Yearbook  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  1921 

No.  878 


WASHINGTON  :  GOVEENMBNT  FEINTING  OFFICE  :  1922 


67272 


T 


HIS  publication  is  a  revision  and  enlargement 
of  "A  Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agri- 
culture "  contained  in  the  1915  Yearbook  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  pages  329-403,  and 
Avhich  was  also  issued  as  Yearbook  Separate  681. 
That  publication  was  based  largely  on  the  1910 
census  of  agriculture,  while  this  revision  portrays 
similarly  the  returns  from  the  1920  census. 

A  comparison  of  the  maps  in  this  revision  with 
those  contained  in  the  previous  edition  will  reveal 
several  significant  shifts  in  crop  production,  nota- 
bly the  partial  replacement  of  corn  by  wheat  in 
eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  of  cotton  by 
velvet  beans  and  other  crops  in  southern  Alabama 
and  Georgia  and  in  northern  Florida.  The  in- 
crease of  improved  land  in  the  Northern  Great 
Plains  Region  and  the  nation-wide  increase  in  the 
nominal  value  of  land,  especially  marked  in  the 
Corn  Belt,  also  deserve  notice. 

Several  new^  items  were  included  in  the  1920 
census,  notably  silage  crops,  corn  cut  for  forage, 
annual  legume  hay,  velvet  beans,  purebred  live 
stock,  and  farm  facilities.  Maps  visualizing  these 
statistics  appear  in  this  revision,  and  several  maps 
relating  to  the  size,  value,  ownership,  and  tenancy 
of  farms  have  been  added. 

This  revision  also  includes  a  series  of  maps 
showing,  in  the  most  general  way,  the  topography, 
rainfall,  length  of  frost-free  season,  soils,  and  na- 
tive vegetation.  These  physical  factors  exert  a 
dominant  influence  in  directing  agricultural  de- 
velopment, and  explain  in  large  measure  the  geo- 
graphic distribution  of  the  crops  and  live  stock. 

The  author  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  valued 
assistance  and  advice  of  R.  G.  Hainsworth  and 
E.  A,  Dacey  in  drafting  the  maps  and  graphs. 


'~V»  y'v-Y^r 


A  GRAPHIC   SUMMARY  OF 
AMERICAN  AGRICULTURE 

BASED    LARGELY   ON  THE    CENSUS    OF    1920 


3  I'' 


By  O.  E.  Baker,  Ar/rkntltitral  Economist.  Bureau  of  Affrieultural  Economics. 

Introduction. 

FOUR  COUNTRIES  are  preeminent  in  quantity  of  agricultural 
production — the  United  States,  Russia,  China,  and  India — and 
at  present  the  production  of  the  United  States  is  considerably 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  nation.  The  aggregate  value  (United 
States  value)  of  the  agricultural  products  of  the  Russian  Empire 
just  prior  to  the  war  was  only  about  two-thirds  that  of  our  Nation, 
while  the  production  of  foods  and  fibers  in  China,  which  can  only 
be  guessed  at,  is  probably  also  about  two-thirds  and  certainly  not 
over  three-fourths  that  of  the  United  States.  The  agricultural 
production  in  India  is  less  than  half  that  of  our  Nation.  Only  the 
British  commonwealth  of  nations  as  a  whole — India,  Australia,  New 
Zealand,  South  Africa,  Canada,  and  the  British  Isles — approaches 
the  United  States  in  quantity  of  agricultural  production,  with  an 
aggregate  about  nine-tenths  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  United  States  is  not  only  the  leading  nation  in  agricultural 
production,  but  also  it  leads  all  nations  in  exports  of  agricultural 
products.  The  teeming  populations  of  China  and  India  require 
practically  all  the  food  produced  and  most  of  the  fiber  for  home 
consumption,  but  in  normal  times  Russia  has  ranked  with  the  United 
States  in  value  of  agricultural  exports.  War,  revolution,  and  crop 
failure,  however,  have  transformed  Russia  into  a  nation  unable  to 
feed  its  own  people.  Since  the  war  the  value  of  agricultural  ex- 
ports from  the  United  States  has  exceeded  the  aggregate  value  of 
those  from  all  other  nations  in  the  world.  Yet  the  agricultural 
exports  of  the  United  States  at  present  are  only  one-eighth  of  its 
production. 

This  vast  agricultural  production  of  the  United  States  requires 
the  labor  of  about  one-quarter  of  our  gainfully  employed  popula- 
tion, whereas  85  per  cent  of  the  population  of  Russia  is  classed  as 
agricultural,  and  probably  three-fourths  of  the  people  of  China  and 
of  India  derive  their  support  from  agricultural  pursuits.  Six  and  a 
half  million  farmers  in  the  United  States,  assisted  by  a  somewhat 

i 


2  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 

smaUer  number  of  farm  laborers,  probably  less  than  4  per  cent  of  the 
farmers  and  fann  laborers  of  the  world,  produce  nearly  70  per  cent 
of  the  world's  corn,  60  per  cent  of  the  world's  cotton,  50  per  cent  of  the 
world's  tobacco,  about  25  per  cent  of  the  world's  oats  and  hay,  20 
per  cent  of  the  world's  wheat  and  flaxseed,  13  per  cent  of  the  world's 
barley,  7  per  cent  of  the  world's  potatoes,  and  5  per  cent  of  the 
world's  sugar,  but  only  about  2  per  cent  of  the  world's  rye  and  rice. 
Totaling  the  cereals  on  the  basis  of  tons,  and  estimating  the  produc- 
tion of  China  as  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  India,  it  appears  that 
the  United  States  produces  about  one-fourth  of  the  world's  cereal 
crops.  The  average  production  of  cereals  per  person  engaged  in 
agriculture  in  the  United  States  is  12  tons,  while  for  the  rest  of  the 
world  it  is  only  about  1.4  tons. 

Nevertheless,  the  agricultural  production  of  the  United  States  is  no 
longer  keeping  pace  with  our  increasing  population.  The  peak  of 
production  per  capita  of  the  total  population  was  reached  about 
1906  or  1907,  and  although  the  decrease  in  per  capita  production  since 
has  been  very  slow  and  is  yet  very  small,  it  is  clearly  apparent.  This 
failure  of  agricultural  production  to  increase  as  rapidly  as  popula- 
tion is  not  due  primarily  to  the  decrease  in  the  proportion  of  our 
population  engaged  in  agriculture  from  over  13  per  cent  in  1910  to 
about  10  per  cent  in  1920,  according  to  the  census  returns  ^  for  the 
acreage  of  crops  per  person  engaged  in  agriculture  was,  apparently, 
25  per  cent  greater  in  1920  than  in  1910 ;  but,  instead,  is  owing  mostly 
to  a  notable  decrease  in  the  rate  of  expansion  of  our  arable  area. 
Improved  land  increased  only  5  per  cent  from  1910  to  1920,  as  com- 
pared with  15  to  50  per  cent  in  previous  decades,  and  this  5  per  cent 
increase  was  practically  confined  to  the  precariously  productive 
semi-arid  lands  of  the  Great  Plains  region.  The  land  in  the  United 
States  suitable  for  agricultural  use  without  irrigation,  drainage,  or 
heavy  fertilization  is  nearly  all  occupied.  Consequently,  one  of  the 
great  questions  before  the  American  people  is  how  to  maintain  the 
supply  of  foods  and  fibers  for  the  increasing  population  at  that 
high  level  to  which  we  are  accustomed, — should  we  cultivate  the  pres- 
ent area  of  arable  land  more  intensively,  or,  like  England,  depend 
upon  imports  from  foreign  countries,  or  should  the  Nation  embark 
upon  extensive  projects  of  reclamation? 

The  first  part  of  this  Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agriculture, 
therefore,  is  devoted  to  a  series  of  maps  visualizing  in  a  very  gen- 
eralized way  the  agricultural  regions  of  the  United  States,  and  the 

1  Howevev,  as  the  1920  census  was  taken  January  1  and  the  1910  census  was  taken 
April  15,  it  appears  likely  that  a  large  number  of  farm  laborers  were  missed  by  the 
enumeiators  in  1920.  Making  allowance  for  this  discrepancy,  it  seems  probable  that  the 
acres  of  crops  per  person  engaged  in  agriculture  increased  at  least  one-sixth  between  1910 
and  1920,  and  the  production  even  more. 


I 


A   Graphic  Simvmary  of  Amervca/n  Agriculture.  3 

topographic,  climatic,  and  soil  conditions  which  determine  these 
regions;  also  the  location  and  extent  of  the  land  available  for  recla- 
mation by  irrigation,  by  drainage,  and  by  clearing  of  forest  growth. 
This  first  part  is  concluded  by  two  graphs,  one  outlining  the  trend 
of  land  utilization  in  the  past,  and  the  other  venturing  to  set  limits 
to  the  exjDansion  of  our  arable  area  in  the  future,      (See  Figs.  2  to  18.) 

The  second  part  of  this  study  shows  the  geographic  distribution 
of  50  crops  in  the  United  States,  according  to  the  census  of  1920. 
For  corn,  wheat,  and  cotton  both  acreage  and  production  are  shown ; 
but  for  other  crops  acreage  only,  since  acreage  affords  a  better  com- 
parison than  production  of  the  relative  importance  of  the  crops  in  a 
region.  The  total  area  in  crops  in  1919  was  about  370  million  acres, 
an  increase  of  50  million  acres  since  1909.  This  increase  of  13  per 
cent  in  crop  acreage,  as  compared  with  5  per  cent  in  improved  land, 
indicates  that  patriotic  motives,  supported  by  the  high  prices  paid 
for  farm  products  during  the  war  and  for  some  time  afterward, 
caused  the  plowing  up  and  planting  to  crops  of  much  improved 
pasture.  The  trend  of  land  utilization  in  the  United  States  is  toward 
the  more  intensive  use  of  the  more  fertile  or  favorably  situated 
land — ^that  is,  its  use  for  crops ;  and  toward  the  less  intensive  utiliza- 
tion of  the  less  fertile  or  less  favorably  situated  land — ^that  is,  its 
use  for  pasture  and  forest.     (See  Figs.  19  to  71.) 

The  third  part  of  this  article  consists  of  a  series  of  24  maps 
showing  the  geographic  distribution  of  the  several  kinds  of  li^e 
stock,  total  and  purebred  only;  also  of  tbe  production  of  butter  and 
cheese,  wool  and  mohair.  Fully  three-fifths  of  the  crop  acreage  in 
the  United  States  is  used  to  produce  feed  for  farm  animals,  or  about 
225  million  acres ;  and,  in  addition,  our  live  stock  consume  the  prod- 
uct of  about  65  million  acres  of  improved  pasture,  probably  of  150 
million  acres  of  unimproved  grassland  pasture  in  farms,  and  175 
million  acres  of  woodland  pasture  in  farms  and  in  our  national 
forests,  besides  that  of  perhaps  500  million  acres  of  arid  or  semi- 
arid  open  range  land  in  the  West.  It  seems  safe  to  say  that  live 
stock  consume  two-thirds  of  the  product  of  the  improved  land  and 
practically  all  the  product  of  the  unimproved  pasture,  or  fully  80 
per  cent  of  the  total  food  and  feed  produced  by  tame  and  wild 
vegetation  in  the  United  States.    (See  Figs.  72  to  96.) 

The  last  part  of  this  study  considers  the  farm  as  a  whole — the 
variations  in  size  and  value  in  different  portions  of  the  United 
States;  the  expenditures  for  labor,  feed,  and  fertilizer;  ownership 
and  tenancy;  and.  finally,  the  geographic  distribution  of  country,  vil- 
lage, and  city  populations.  Four  small  maps  also  are  provided, 
showing  the  number  of  farmers  having  automobiles,  tractors,  tele- 
phones, and  running  water  in  the  house,  as  reported  by  the  census 


4  Yearhook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 

for  January  1,  1920.  American  farms,  in  general,  are  different 
fi-om  those  in  other  countries  of  the  world,  except  Canada,  Aus- 
tralia, and  South  Africa.  English  farms  differ  from  American 
farms  in  that  they  are  nearly  all  operated  by  tenants  and  employ 
more  hand  labor.  The  peasant  farms  of  continental  Europe  utilize 
agricultural  machinery  still  less  and  are  much  smaller  in  size  than 
most  American  farms.  The  farms  of  India,  China,  and  Japan  are 
still  smaller  and  are  cultivated  with  only  the  crudest  tools.  There 
are  28  to  30  acres  of  crops  per  person  employed  in  agriculture  in 
the  Ignited  States,  as  compared  with  9  in  Russia  prior  to  the  war,  7 
in  France  and  Germany,  and  1^  in  Japan.     (See  Figs.  97  to  124.) 

The  American  farm  involves  a  large  investment  of  capital.  This 
investment  is  increasing  and  must  increase  if  the  American  farmer  is 
to  improve  his  standard  of  living.  The  average  value  of  farms  in  the 
United  States  was  $6,444  in  1910,  and  $12,084  in  1920.  In  Iowa,  the 
average  value  of  the  farms  in  1920  was  $39,941.  The  area  of  the 
crops  per  farm  in  the  United  States  increased  from  50  acres  in  1909 
to  57  acres  in  1919.  Our  farmers  are  driving  larger  teams,  using 
more  efficient  machinery,  producing  more  per  acre  and  per  person 
than  ever  before.  Each  American  farmer  and  farm  laborer,  on  the 
average,  is  feeding  nine  people  other  than  himself  in  this  country, 
and  one  more  person  living  in  foreign  lands.  It  is  in  this  increasing 
productivity  of  the  American  farm,  amounting  probably  to  15 
per  cent  in  the  last  decade,  that  the  expenditure  for  scientific  re- 
search, for  technical  education,  and  for  imi)roved  economic  organiza- 
tion in  agriculture  finds  its  justification. 

This  semicapitalistic  American  farm,  however,  is  not  organized  like 
a  factory.  The  one  farm  laborer  per  farm,  on  the  average,  is  often 
the  farmer's  son,  or  a  neighbor's,  who  eats  at  the  same  table  with  the 
farmer  and  expects  some  time  to  have  a  farm  of  his  own.  Corporate 
or  commimal  agriculture  is,  in  general,  a  failure  in  the  United  States. 
The  family  farm  is  practically  the  universal  type.  To  keep  this 
American  farai  large  enough  to  support  a  family  according  to  the 
American  standard  of  living  and  supplied  with  sufficient  machinery 
and  working  capital  for  efficient  operation  is  important  not  alone  to 
our  agricultural  but  also  to  our  national  welfare.  The  characteristic 
and  precious  feature  of  American  agriculture  is  its  large  production 
per  man,  and  during  the  past  decade  the  increase  in  the  productivity 
of  our  farms  was  greater  than  in  any  decade  preceding.  But  as  popu- 
lation increases  and  poorer  and  poorer  land  is  brought  into  use  for 
€rops — that  is,  as  labor  becomes  more  abundant  and  land  becomes 
scarcer — it  appears  probable  that  larger  production  per  acre  will  be- 
come more  profitable  than  greater  production  per  man,  and  that  our 
agriculture,  as  well  as  our  standard  of  living,  will  more  and  more 
resemble  that  of  Europe  before  the  war. 


A   Graphic  SiDmmary  of  America/ifi  Agriculty/re.  5 
List  of  Maps  and  Graphs. 

I.  The  Physical  Conditions  and  Use  of  the  Land. 

Page. 

Agricultural  regions  of  tlie  United  States 7-10 

Topography  (ptiotograph  of  land  relief  model  of  United  States) 11 

Avei'age  annual  precipitation  and  length  of  frostless  season 12, 13 

Soil  regions  and  vegetation  regions 14, 15 

Land  in  farms,  improved  land,  and  land  in  crops 16-lS 

Improved  and  unimproved  pasture 19 

Forest  and  cut-over  land,  total  and  potentially  agricultural 20,  21 

Wet  land  needing  drainage;  irrigated  and  irrigable  land 22,23 

Use  of  the  land,  and  trend  in  population  and  food  production 24,  25 

II.  The  Crops. 

Relative  importance  of  the  crops  and  value  of  all  crops 26,  27 

Cotton  acreage  and  production 28 

Corn  for  grain,  acreage,  production,  amount  sold;   corn  for  silage  and 

for   forage,   acreage 29-31 

Wheat  acreage,  winter  and  spring,  and  total  production 32-34 

Oats,  barley,  rye.  buckwheat,  and  velvet  beans,  acreage 35-38 

Kafir,  milo,  and  other  sorghums  for  grain  and  for  forage,  acreage 38-39 

Flax,  rice,  and  tobacco,  acreage 40 

Hay  and  forage,  total  acreage 41 

Timothy,  clover,  alfalfa,  and  wild  hay,  acreage 42-46 

Miscellaneous  tame  gi-asses,  grain  hay,  and  legume  hay,  acreage 46,  47 

Field  peas,  field  beans,  and  peanuts,  acreage 48,  49 

Potatoes,  and  sugar  crops  (beets,  cane,  sorghum),  acreage 50.51 

Vegetables  for  home  use,  value ;  and  vegetables  grown  for  sale,  acreage-  52,  53 

Cabbage,  cantaloupes,   and   watermelons*,  acreage 54, 55 

Green  peas,  sweet  corn,  and  tomatoes,  acreage 55,56 

Total  fruits  and  nuts,  approximate  acreage 57 

Apples,  approximate  acreage,  production,  and  amount  sold 58,59 

Peaches,  plums  and  prunes,  grai>es,  citrus  fruits,  and  pears,  approximate 

acreage 60-62 

Pecans,  almonds  and  walnuts,  strawberries,  bush  fruits  and  cranberries, 

approximate  acreage 62,63 

III.  Live  Stock. 

Relative  importance  of  the  farm  animals,  United  States  and  20  States 64 

Horses  and   mules,   colts   and   work   stock ;   purebred    saddle   and   draft 

horses,  number 65-68 

Cattle,  total  number;  beef,  dairy,  and  purebred,  number 69-72 

Dairy  products,  total  receipts  from  sales ;  quantity  of  butter  and  cheese 

made 73-76 

Swine  (hogs  and  pigs),  total  and  purebred,  number 77-78 

Sheep,  total  and  purebred,  number ;  goats,  number ;  value  of  wool  and 

mohair 78-80 

Poultry,  number 81 

Bees,  number  of  colonies 82 


6  Yearboojc  of  the  Department  of  Agrictdture,  1921. 

IV.  The  Farms  and  the  People. 

Page. 

Number  of  farms,  total  and  of  classified  sizes 83,  84 

Average  acreage  of  improved  land  per  farm 85 

Value  of  farm  laud  per  acre 86 

Value  of  farm  property,  and  of  buildings,  machinery,  and  live  stock 87-89 

Expenditures  for  feed,  fertilizer,  and  labor 89,  90 

Average  value  of  farms 91 

Kelutive  importance  of  tenancy  from  standpoints  of  proportion  of  the 
farms,  of  the  improved  land,  and  of  the  value  of  farm  property  oper- 
ated by  tenants 92,  93 

Number  of  farms  operated  by  white  and  negro  owners  and  tenants 94,  95 

Country,  village,  and  city  population 96-98 

Farms  having  tractors,  automobiles,  telephones,  and  water  piped  into  the 
house 99-100 


tEADING  CITIES. 


Fig.  1. — This  map  should  be  used  in  counection  with  all  the  maps  that  follow  when  it 
is  desired  to  determine  the  name  of  a  State.  The  succeeding  maps  do  not  show  State 
names,  because  the  letters  would  interfere  with  the  dots  or  shading,  but  the  State 
boundaries  are  shown  and  the  shape  of  these  boundaries,  or  location  of  the  State  on  the 
map,  should  be  compared  with  this  map  to  identify  the  State.  The  map  also  shows  the 
location  of  the  30  largest  cities,  the  names  corresponding  to  the  numbers  being  given  in 
the  lower  left-hand  corner  of  the  map. 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  AffficuUure.  7 

The  Agricultural  Regions. 

The  United  States  may  be  divided  into  an  eastern  and  a  western 
half,  characterized,  broadly  speaking,  one  by  a  sufficient  and  the 
other  by  an  insufficient  amount  of  rainfall  for  the  successful  produc- 
tion of  crops  by  ordinary  farming  methods.  The  North  Pacific  coast 
and  several  districts  in  California  and  in  the  northern  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region  constitute  exceptions  to  this  statement.  The  transition 
zone  which  separates  the  East  from  the  West  lies,  in  general,  along 
the  one  hundredth  meridian,  the  average  annual  precipitation  in- 
creasing in  this  zone  from  about  15  inches  at  the  Canadian  boundary 
to  25  inches  in  southern  Texas,  where  the  evaporation  is  much  greater 
and  the  rainfall  more  torrential.  The  East  is  a  region  of  humid  cli- 
mate farming,  based  upon  tilled  crops,  small  grains,  and  tame  hay 
and  pasture ;  the  West,  of  wild  hay  and  grazing,  dry  farming,  win- 
ter crops  in  certain  localities,  and  irrigation  farming,  with  only  lim- 
ited areas  of  ordinary  farming  under  humid  conditions  such  as  char- 
acterize the  East. 

The  East  and  West  may  each  be  divided  into  six  agricultural  re- 
gions. In  the  East,  precipitation  being  usually  sufficient,  the  classi- 
fication is  based  largely  on  temperature  and  the  crops  grown,  while 
in  the  West  rainfall  and  topography  are  the  important  factors.  In 
the  East  the  agricultural  regions  extend  for  the  most  part  east  and 
west,  following  parallels  of  latitude;  while  in  the  West  the  regions 
are  determined  by  the  mountain  ranges  and  extend  north  and  south. 
Agriculture  in  the  East  varies  primarily  with  latitude  and  soils,  but 
in  the  West  the  principal  factors  are  altitude  and  rainfall.  The  av- 
erage elevation  of  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  is  less  than 
1.000  feet;  that  of  the  western  half,  over  4,000  feet.  (Compare  Fig. 
2  with  Figs.  3  to  16.) 

In  the  East  corn  is  the  leading  crop,  constituting  over  one-quarter 
of  the  acreage  and  nearly  30  per  cent  of  the  value  of  all  crops.  It 
is  grown  in  all  the  six  eastern  regions,  but  is  dominant  in  the  Corn 
Belt,  and  is  very  important  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region, 
and  in  the  Cotton  Belt.  Along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  southern 
Atlantic  coast  the  type  of  agriculture  varies  greatly  from  section 
to  section — from  rice  farming  to  sugar  cane  growing  and  winter 
vegetable  production,  citrus  fruit  orcharding,  and  cattle  ranching — 
so  that  the  region  is  not  named  after  any  crop,  but  is  called  the  "Sub- 
tropical Coast,''  because  the  warm  water  exerts  a  controlling  in- 
fluence upon  climate  and  crops.  In  this  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States  there  is  scarcely  any  cotton  grown  outside  the  Cotton  Belt, 
very  little  winter  wheat  outside  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region 
and  adjacent  portions  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  Cotton  Belt,  and  prac- 


8  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agricvlture^  1921. 

ticaliy  no  spring  wheat  outside  the  Spring  Wheat  Kegion.  Grass  is 
of  gi-eatest  importance  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region,  where  in 
nearly  every  county  hay  and  pasture  occupy  half  or  more  of  the  im- 
proved land.     (Compare  Fig.  2  with  Figs.  21  to  71.) 

In  the  West  hay  is  the  leading  crop,  contributing  nearly  37  per 
cent  of  the  acreage  and  26  per  cent  of  the  value  of  all  crops  in  1919, 
and  the  forage  obtained  by  grazing  is  probably  of  almost  equal  value. 
Alfalfa  is  the  leading  hay  crop  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Arid 
Intermountain  regions,  wild  grasses  in  the  Great  Plains  Region,  and 
grains  cut  green  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Wheat  contributed  21  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  all  crops,  oats  3  per  cent,  barley  3  per  cent,  fruit  and 
nuts  18  per  cent,  potatoes  4  per  cent,  and  other  vegetables  8  per  cent 
in  these  six  western  regions.  The  value  of  all  crops  in  the  western 
regions,  however,  constituted  in  1919  only  15  per  cent  of  the  total  for 
the  United  States.     (Compare  Fig.  2  with  Fig.  21.) 

The  contrast  betAveen  the  East  and  West  is  not  as  pronounced  in 
live  stock  as  in  crops,  except  that  swine  are  largely  confined  to  the 
East,  while  sheep  are  much  more  important  in  the  West.  There  is 
a  marked  distinction,  however,  in  the  manner  of  management,  the 
live  stock  in  the  East  being  fed  in  the  barnyards  or  fields  with  shelter 
at  night,  while  in  the  West  the  stock  is  mostly  grazed  on  the  open 
range.  In  the  East,  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  is  primarily  a  dairy 
area ;  while  the  Corn  Belt  is  the  center  of  the  beef-cattle  and  swine 
industry.  In  the  West,  the  sheep  are  generally  located  in  the  more 
arid  and  the  cattle  in  the  less  arid  areas;  while  in  the  North  Pacific 
Region,  with  its  cool,  moist  climate,  similar  to  that  of  the  Hay  and 
Pasture  Region,  dairying  is  again  the  dominant  live-stock  industry. 
(Compare  Fig.  2  with  Figs.  74  to  96.) 

The  farms,  or  "  ranches,"  in  the  West  are,  in  general,  much  larger 
in  area  than  in  the  East.  Owing  to  the  low  rainfall  in  the  West, 
except  in  the  North  Pacific  Region,  the  land  outside  the  irrigated  and 
dry-farming  districts  is  used  mostly  for  grazing,  and  instead  of  80 
or  160  acres  being  sufficient  to  support  a  family,  as  in  the  East, 
2,000  to  4,000  acres,  or  more,  are  commonly  required.  In  the  dry- 
farming  areas  half  sections  of  land  (320  acres)  and  sections  (640 
acres)  are  normal  size  farms.  In  the  irrigated  districts  the  farms 
are  no  larger  in  area  than  in  the  East.  The  80  or  120  acre  irrigated 
farms,  however,  are  often  worth  as  much  as  the  640- acre  dry  farms  or 
the  3,000-acre  stock  ranches.     (Compare  Fig.  2  with  Figs.  97  to  111.) 

A  larger  proportion  of  the  farms  in  the  West  are  operated  by  their 
owners  than  in  the  East,  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  cattle  ranching, 
the  more  recent  homestead  settlement,  and  the  larger  proportion  of 
fruit  farms.  The  proportion  of  farms  operated  by  tenants  in  the 
western  regions  ranges  from  13  to  23  per  cent,  except  in  the  Cali- 


A   Graphic  Swnrimry  of  American  Agnculture.  9 

fornia- Arizona  Desert,  where  irrigated  cotton  farming  increases  the 
proj^ortion  to  33  per  cent.  In  the  East,  on  the  other  hand,  over  30 
per  cent  of  the  farms  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region  are  op- 
erated by  tenants;  in  the  Corn  Belt  over  40  per  cent;  and  in  the 
Cotton  Belt  over  60  per  cent,  owing  in  part  to  the  plantation  sys- 
tem and  the  large  negro  population.  The  Subtropical  Coast  and  the 
Hay  and  Pasture  regions,  however,  have  only  27  per  cent  and  16  per 
cent,  respectively,  of  the  farms  rented  to  tenants.  (Compare  Fig.  2 
with  Figs.  112  to  117.) 

The  geographic  distribution  of  the  rural  and  urban  population  is 
particularly  interesting.  The  rural  population  is  densest  in  the  Cot- 
ton Belt,  where  cotton  cultivation  and  picking  require  large  amounts 
of  hand  labor  and  the  acreage  per  laborer  is  small;  also  in  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wlieat  Eegion,  where  the 
rolling  to  hilly  lands  and  lack  of  capital  discourage  extensive  use  of 
machinery.  The  rural  population  is  much  thinner  in  the  Corn 
Belt  and  the  Spring  Wheat  Eegion,  and  is  thinnest  in  the  West,  except 
in  the  irrigated  districts  and  the  Pacific  coast  valleys.  Urban  popu 
lation,  on  the  other  hand,  is  concentrated  largely  in  the  Hay  and 
Pasture  Eegion  of  the  Xortheastern  and  Lake  States,  where  large 
manufacturing  and  commercial  cities  provide  a  vast  market  for  the 
nation's  agricultural  products.  (Compare  Fig.  2  with  Figs.  118 
to  120.) 

Information  concerning  "  farm  facilities,"  including  tractors,  auto- 
mobiles, water  piped  into  the  house,  and  telephones,  was  collected 
by  the  census  in  1920  for  the  first  time.  Tractors  are  found  mostly 
in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  the  Spring  Wheat,  Great  Plains,  and  South 
Pacific  Eegions.  Over  one-third  of  the  automobiles  are  in  the  Corn 
Belt,  where  one-half  to  three-quarters  of  the  farms  have  such  ve- 
hicles. Water  has  been  piped  into  the  houses  mostly  in  the  Hay  and 
Pasture  Region,  especially  in  New  England,  and  in  the  South  Pacific 
Region.  Telephones  are  more  widely  distributed  than  any  other 
of  the  farm  facilities ;  nevertheless,  the  map  shows  a  noteworthy  con- 
centration in  the  Corn  Belt  and  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Eegions. 
These  "  farm  facilities  "  are  criteria  of  rural  progress  and  prosperity, 
and  as  such  their  geographic  distribution  is  deserving  of  considera- 
tion.    (Compare  Fig.  2  with  Figs.  121  to  124.) 


10 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  2. — The  United  States  may  be  divided  into  two  parts,  equal  in  area,  the  East  and 
the  West.  The  East  has  a  humid  climate,  the  West  mostly  an  arid  or  semlarid  climate, 
except  the  North  Pacific  coast  and  the  higher  altitudes  in  the  Sierra,  Cascade,  and  Rocky- 
Mountains.  Each  of  these  two  parts  has  been  subdivided  into  six  agricultural  regions, 
characterized  by  distinct  combinations  of  crops  or  systems  of  farming,  the  result  largely 
of  the  different  climatic  conditions.  In  tlie  East  these  regions,  with  one  exception,  are 
named  after  the  crops  :  but  in  the  West,  because  of  the  dominating  influence  of  topog- 
raphy and  the  Pacific  Ocean  upon  the  climate  and  the  agriculture,  topographic  and  geo- 
graphic names  are  u.sed.      (See  pp.  7  to  9.) 


A   Graphic  Svionmai^  of  American  Agriculture. 


11 


Q 

Z 

-  < 


?-C^  Jk.'»*^  -^ 


FIG.  3. — This  map  shows  the  topography  of  the  luited  Siai<  s  m  a  geuoralized  way. 
It  is  a  photograph  of  a  rolicf  model  of  the  United  States  supplied  by  the  United  ^tates 
Geological  Survey.  The  mouutainous  character  of  the  West,  exc(>pt  the  Great  Flains 
Region,  is  clearly  sh(rwn  ;  but  the  Jiiap  fails  to  show  the  high  altitude  of  much  of  the 
West,  particularly  of  the  Hockv  Mountain  and  Arid  Intermonntain  I'lateiiu  regions. 
Owing  to  the  altitude,  these  regions  have  a  imich  cooler  climate  fbaii  corresponding  lati- 
tudes in  the  East.  The  vast  expanse  of  the  Mi.s.sissippi  Valley,  with  its  level  to  rolling 
Burface,  except  for  the  Ozark  uplift  in  the  lower  central  portion,  should  be  especially 
]i«te<l. 


12 


Year-booh  of  the  Deiyartment  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig  4. — Precipitation  includes  rain,  moltod  snow,  sleet,  and  hail.  The  map  is  much 
reduced  and  generalized  from  a  map  prepared  b.v  the  Weather  Bureau  and  published  in 
the  1  reeipitation  and  Humidity  section  of  the  Atlas  of  American  Agriculture.  The  map 
suggests  why  the  United  States  should  be  divided  agriculturally  into  an  eastern  and  a 
western  half.  However,  the  division  shown  in  Figure  2  does  not  follow  a  line  of  equal 
precipitation,  but  advances  diagonally  across  two  of  the  precipitation  zones  from  15 
inches  in  ihe  northwestern  corner  of  North  Dalvota  to  2.5  inches  on  the  south  Toxas 
coast  where  the  evaporation  is  much  great(>r  and  the  rainfall  more  torrential  and,  conse- 
quently, more  moisture  is  required  for  crop  production. 


Il 


A   Graphic  Suninmry  of  American  Agnculture. 


13 


cf^  fi^Ti"^  "'"P  '^  much  reducod  and  seneralized  from  a  map  prepared  bv  the  L'nitod 
*i,  i**,  ^^^'i^^'^'  ^ui'^'iu  ind  publii^bod  In  the  Frost  and  the  Growing  season  section  of 
A  •/!  T  ?®  °^  American  Agriculture.  The  higher  altitude  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  and 
Arid  intermountain  Regions  (see  Fig.  3),  and  the  drier  air  (see  Fig.  4),  which  permits 
rapia  loss  of  heat  at  night,  are  two  important  causes  of  the  short  ffost-free  season, 
uver  much  of  these  regions  the  frost-free  season  is  shorter  than  in  northern  Maine  or 
Minnesota.  The  powerful  influence  of  the  Pacific  and  the  lesser  Influence  of  the  Atlantic 
in  lengthening  the  growing  season  along  their  shores  should  also  be  noted. 


14 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


I|  «> -=■§  •>  •= 

I  fill  f  I  III  1^ 


Fig.  6. — Soils  origiually  or  at  present  covered  with  forest  are  normally  light  colored, 
and  are  likely  to  be  less  fertile  than  soils  in  regions  of  lower  rainfall.  Grassland  soils, 
in  general,  are  dark  colored,  the  humid  prairie  soils  being  commonly  almost  black  and 
highly  fertile — the  subhumid  prairie  soils,  blackest  of  all — while  the  semiarid  short- 
grass  plains  soils  are  dark  brown  or  chocolate  colored,  the  color  gradually  fading  to 
medium  brown  in  regions  of  lesser  rainfall,  and  to  light  brown  or  even  ashv  grav  in 
desert  areas.  The  light-colored  forest  soils  in  the  United  States  total  about  800  million 
acres,  the  dark-colored  grassland  soils  about  600  million  acres,  and  the  light-colored 
and  soils  about  500  million  acres. 


A    Graphic  Sv/inmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


15 


Fig.  7. — Forests,  including  semiarid  woodland  (phion-juniper,  chaparral,  etc.),  origi- 
nally covered  about  900  million  acres  in  the  United  States.  About  350  million  acres 
have  been  cleared  for  agriculture,  and  as  many  more  have  been  cut-over  or  devastated. 
(See  Fig.  13.)  About  600  million  acres  were  clothed  originally  with  grass,  interspersed 
commonly  with  various  herbaceous  plant.s.  Some  200  million  acres  of  this  grassland 
have  been  plowed  up  and  used  for  crops,  or  for  pasture  in  rotation  with  crops,  includ- 
ing about  7  million  acres  irrigated.  Desert  vegetation  characterized  "tOO  million  acres, 
of  which  about  12  million  acres  have  l)een  reclaimed  by  irrigation.  Half  of  the  remaining 
forest  and  woodland  is  pastured,  practically  all  of  the  grassland,  and  nearly  all  of  the 
desert.      (See  Fig.   12.) 

7550°— 22 2 


16 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AffricuUwe,  1921. 


^x.  S-  8.— T)^rfe-quarters  of  the  farm  land  is  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Or  considering 
the  distribution  with  reference  to  rainfall,  two-thirds  is  humid  farm  land  in  the  East, 
and  one-third  is  mostly  arid,  semiarid,  or  irrigated  farm  lanr"  in  the  West.  In  The  East 
the  land  not  in  farms  is  hilly,  stony,  sandy,  swampy,  or  infertile,  and  nearly  all  in 
forest  or  recently  cut  over.  (See  Fis.  13.)  But  in  the  West  onlv  one-sixth  of  the  land 
?o  K  farms  IS  m  forest,  and  one-ninth  in  woodland  and  chaparral,  while  one-sixteenth 
js  ab.solute  desert,  the  remaining  two-thirds  b.'ing  open  range,  more  or  less  covered 
d  92  r  shrubby  plants  and  used  for  graaing  cattle  or  sheep.      (See  Figs.   81 


A   Graphic  Nummary  of  ATnerican  Agricultwre. 


17 


Fig.  9. — Improved  land  incluiles  "  all  land  regularly  tilled  or  mowed ;  land  in  pasture 
that  has  been  cleared  or  tilled  ;  land  lying  fallow  ;  land  in  gardens,  orchards,  vineyards, 
and  nurseries ;  and  land  occupied  by  buildings,  yards,  and  barnyards."  Ft)ur-fifths  of  the 
improved  land  is  in  the  humid  eastern  half  of  the  United  States,"  and  three-fifths  is  con- 
centrated in  a  triangular-shaped  area,  the  points  of  which  are  located  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  central  Texas,  and  north-central  North  Dakota.  In  this  area  (JO  per  cent 
of  the  land  area  is  improved  farm  land,  whereas  in  the  United  States  outside  this  area 
only  15  per  cent  is  improved. 


18  Yearhooh  of  the  Department  of  AgricuZtm'e,  19M. 


Fig.  10. — Over  five-sixths  of  the  crop  land  is  in  the  humid  eastern  half  of  the  United 
States,   and  nearly  two-thirds  is   concentrated   in   the   triangiUar  shaped   area   described 
under  Figure  9.     In  this  area,  which  includes  only  about  one-fourth  of  the  land  of  the 
United    States,    are   produced    four-fifths    of    the    corn,    three-fourths    of    the    wheat    and  i 
oats,  and  three-fifths  ot  the  hay  crop  of  the  nation.      Ko   region  in   the  world   of  equal, 
size   affords   so   favorable   natural    conditions   for   the   growth   of   corn,   and    few   regions; 
possess  so  favorable  conditions  for  the  culture  of  the  small  gi'ain  and  hay  crops.      (See 
Figs.  24,  29,  30,  32,  33,  34,  and  38.) 


A   Graphic  Siummary  of  Ainerwan  Agriculture. 


19 


rr 

■>y 

r-~ 

IMPROVED 

PASTURE  IN  FARMS 
1910 

EACH  DOT 
10.000 

REPRESENTS 
ACRES 

r\ 

IMPROVED  PASTURE,  1910 

-f 

'?I^TT>7""' — ■            "^ 

i 

^ 

ci- 

\ 

)     Sr 

^ 

7/ 

IMPROVED  PASTURE 

STATE 

ACRES 

Ind  .  .  . 
Va... 
W.  Va. 
Minn.  . 
Mont.  . 
Pa.  ..  . 
Wis.  . . 
N.  Dak 
Ttnn.  . 
Olher . 

2.551,771 
2,385,360 
2.252,876 
2,006,150 
1,900.159 
1,798.923 
1.699.127 
1.635.384 
1.632.552 
12,545.623 

STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

^— s.^ 

Tex.  .  . 
Iowa .  . 
Kans.  . 
Mo... 
Nebr.  . 
Ohio.. 

7,427,840 
6,271,197 
5,925,590 
5,534,034 
4,552.087 
4,536,624 

111  ...  . 
Ky  ... 

N.Y.. 
S.  Dak 
Calif.. 
Okia .  . 

4,081,506 
3,828,564 
3,098.982 
3.066,616 
2,913.949 
2,581.390 

u. s .. 

84,226,304 

Fig.  11. — This  map  shows  the  location  of  the  acreage  of  improved  pasture,  accordin.g 
to  the  returns  of  the  1910  census,  which  were  tabulated  in  1917  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  published  in  Bulletin  No.  626.  The  returns  of  the  1920  census  have 
not  yet  been  compiled.  It  appears  probable  that  war-time  prices  encoui'aged  the  plow- 
ing and  planting  to  crops  of  about  15  million  acres  of  improved  pasture  between  1910 
and  1920.  The  concentration  of  pasture  acreage  shown  in  certain  Texas  counties  is 
owing  largely  to  the  census  accrediting  to  the  county  in  which  the  ranch  headquarters 
18  located  the  acreage  that  may  extend  into  adjacent  counties.  The  large  acreage  of 
improved  pasture  in  the  Ohio  River  valley  and  in  the  Corn  Belt  "west  of  the  Mississippi 
is  noteworthy. 


Fig.  12. — This  map  shows  the  location  of  forest  and  woodland  in  farms  that  was 
pastured  in  1909,  amounting  to  98  million  acres,  and  that  of  "  other  unimproved  land  " 
used  for  pasture,  which  amounted  to  about  109  million  acres.  In  the  States  from  Minne- 
sota to  Texas  and  eastward,  especially  in  the  South,  forest  and  woodland  pasture  is 
much  the  larger  item  ;  but  in  the  Great  Plains  Region  and  westward  "  other  unim- 
proved "  pasture,  which  consists  almost  wholly  of  native  grasses  and  herbs,  is  the  more 
important.  In  addition  to  the  unimproved  pasture  in  farms  in  the  West  there  is  a  vast 
acreage  of  similar  land  not  in  farms,  the  aggregate  of  unimproved  pasture  and  range  in 
the  West  being  about  800  million  acres. 


20  Tearbooh  of  the  Department  of  Agncvltm-e,  1921. 


Fig.  13. — This  generalized  map  of  forest,  cut-over  land,  and  woodland  was  prepared 
in  cooperation  with  the  Forest  Service.  The  flsines  given  in  the  table  are  merely  tenta- 
tive. The  e.stimates  for  the  States  in  the  originally  forested  eastern  portion  of  the 
United  States,  except  for  several  States  in  which  forest  surveys  have  been  made,  are 
based  largely  on  deductions  from  the  statistics  of  the  1920  census.  Of  the  467  million 
acres  of  forest  and  cut-over  land  in  the  United  States  alwut  one-half  is  in  the  South, 
one-eighth  in  the  Northeastern  States,  one-eighth  in  the  Lake  States,  and  nearly  one- 
quarter  in  the  West,  mostly  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  North  Pacific  Regions.  How- 
ever, over  half  of  the  137  million  acre.s  of  virgin  saw  timber  is  in  the  West. 


A   Crra'phic  Bumrmcmf  of  Ameriecm  Agriculture, 


21 


Fig.  14. — This  map  shows  the  approximate  location  and  extent  of  fore.st,  cut-over 
land,  and  woodland  which  could  he  used  for  the  production  of  crops  after  clearing,  and 
in  many  areas  after  drainage  also.  Only  such  part  of  this  land  should  be  cleared, 
however,  as  will  pay  adequate  return  on  the  cost  of  clearing.  The  estimates  were 
compiled  in  1918  from  census  data,  Forest  Service  reports,  and  from  correspondence 
^3  ^*'^*^  *i"fl  county  officials  and  lumber  companies,  and  not  in  1920,  as  stated.  Revised 
estimates  ai-e  being  compiled,  based  largely  on  1920  census  figures,  sail  survey  reports, 
and  forest  surveys,  hence  no  table  is  given  in  connection  with  the  map. 


22 


Yearhooh  of  the  Department  of  Agricultm'e,  1921. 


Fig.  15. — This  map  is  based  largely  upon  drainage  reports  available  in  the  OflSce  of 
Irrigation  and  Drainage  Investigations,  and  upon  soil  survey,  topographic,  and  Land 
Office  maps.  These  reports  and  maps  were  compared  with  statistics  of  drainage  enter- 
prises and  of  land  in  farms  needing  drainage,  available  for  the  first  time  in  the  1920 
census,  by  L.  A.  .Tones,  of  the  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  and  F.  .T.  Marschner,  of  the 
Office  of  Farm  Management  and  Farm  Economics,  who  drew  the  map.  Two-thirds  of  the 
land  unfit  for  cultivation  without  drainage  is  in  the  Southern  States,  and  one-half 
of  the  remainder  is  in  the  three  Lake  States.  Nearlv  all  of  the  wet  land  in  the  South, 
except  the  Florida  Everglades  and  prairies,  tidal  marsh,  and  Giilf  coastal  prairies,  is 
forested,  and  requires  both  drainage  and  clearing ;  but  much  of  the  wet  land  in  the  Lake 
States  consists  of  unforested  peat  bogs. 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agnculture. 


23 


Fig.  16. — The  area  of  irrigated  land  increased  5  million  acres,  or  oiu-third  between 
1909  and  1919  ;  and  the  irrigation  enterprises  were  capable  of  irrigating  7  million  acres 
more  than  were  actually  irrigated  in  1919.  There  is  sufficient  water  in  the  West  to 
irrigate   double   the   area   the   enterprises    were    capable    of   iiTigatmg   in    1920,    or   about 


total  irrigable  area.     Estimates'  of  irrigable  ax-ea  were  supplied  by  R.  P.  Teele. 


24 


Yearbooh  of  the  DepartTnent  of  Agriculimre^  1921. 


USE  OF  THE  LAND 


PRESENT,  1920 


POTENTIAL 


TOTAL  LAND  AREA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
1,903,000,000   ACRES 
IMPROVED  LAND,   503,000,000  ACRES 
IN  HARVESTED  CROPS,  365,000,000  ACRES 
rN  PASTURE,  ABOUT  70.000,000  ACRES 
IN  FALLOW,  LANES,  FARMSTEADS,  LAND  LYING 
IDLE,  CROPS  NOT  HARVESTED,  ETC., 
68,000,000  ACRES 


FOREST,  CUT-OVER,  AND  BURNT-OVER  LAND 
465,000,000  ACRES 
(excluding  60  MILLION  ACRES  OF  PINON-JUNIPER, 
MESQUITE,  OAK  SCRUB,  AND  CHAPARRAL  ) 

INFARMS,  PASTURED,  ABOUT  100,000,000  ACRES 
IN  FARMS,  NOT  PASTURED,  ABOUT  68,000,000  A. 
NOT  IN  FARMS,  297,000,000  ACRES 
^ABOUT  ONE-THIRD  IN  NATIONAL  FORESTs) 

UNIMPROVED  PASTURE  AND  RANGE  LAND 
863,000,000  ACRES 

(including  60  MILLION  ACRES  OF  PINON-JUNIPER, 
MESQUITE, OAK  SCRUB,  AND  CHAPARRAl) 

in  farms,  pastured,  about  150,000,000  acres 
in  farms,  not  pastured,  about  135,000,000  a. 
not  in  farms.  about  578,000,000  acres 
(mostly  pastured) 

NON-AGRICULTURAL  LAND,  72,000,000  ACRES 
DESERT  (not  GRAZED)   40,000,000  ACRES 
CITIES  AND  VILLAGES,  10,000,000  ACRES 
PUBLIC  ROADS,  18,000,000  ACRES 
RAILROAD  RIGHTS  OF  WAY.  4,000,060  ACRES 


IMPROVED   LAND,  800,000,000  ACRES 
IMPROVED  LAND,  1920,  503,000,000  ACRES 
IRRIGABLE,  UNIRRiGATED,  30,000,000  ACRES 
WET  LAND,  REQUIRING  DRAINAGE  ONLY 

30,000,000  ACRES 
WET  LAND,  REQUIRING  DRAINAGE  AND  CLEARING 

60,000,000  ACRES 
FOREST  AND  CUT-OVER, REQUIRING  CLEARING  ONLY 

50,000,000  ACRES 
UNIMPROVED  PASTURE  AND  RANGE  LAND 

127.000,000  ACRES 


FOREST  LAND,  355,000,000  ACRES 
(absolute  forest  land) 

EASTERN  STATES,  250,000,000  ACRES 

WESTERN  STATES,  105,000,000  ACRES 
(excluding  PINON-JUNIPER. oak. scrub.  MESQUITE 
AND  chaparral) 

UNIMPROVED  PASTURE  AND  RANGE  LAND 

658.000.000  ACRES 

(including  PINON-JUNIPER.OAK    scrub,  MESQUITE 
^ND  chaparral) 

EASTERN  STATES 

63,000,000  ACRES 
WESTERN  STATES. 

595,000,000  ACRES 

NON-AGRICULTURAL  LAND,  90,000,000  ACRES 
DESERT,   NON-IRRIGABLE,   39,000,000  ACRES 
CITIES  AND  VILLAGES,  20,000,000  ACRES 
PUBLIC  ROADS,  25,000,000  ACRES 
RAILROAD  RIGHTS  OF  WAY,  6,000.000  ACRES 


Fig.  1(. — It  i.s  po.s.sible  to  increase  the  ai-ea  of  improved  land  about  300  million  acres, 
or  OU  per  cent,  by  irrigation,  drainage,  clearing,  and  dry  farming.  But  until  farm 
products  are  higlier  in  price  most  of  this  reclamation  work  would  not  prove  profitable. 
On  the  other  hand,  although  there  are  about  35.5  million  acres  of  humid  land  so  hilly 
or  sterile  as  to  be  fit  only  for  forest.s,  the  price  of  lumber  will  prohablv  warrant  the 
additional  use  permanently  of  100  million  acres  of  poor  potentially  arable  land  for 
forest  ins1:ead  of  crops.  In  other  words,  the  present  forest  and  cut-over  area  is  not 
likely  to  decrease  greatly.  The  area  in  cities  and  villages  is  relatively  insignificant  and 
will  remain  so  even  with  double  or  treble  the  present  population. 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agriculture. 


25 


RELATION  OF  IMPROVED  LAND, 
LAND  IN  CROPS,  &  FOOD  PRODUCTION 

TO 

POPULATION 
UNITED  STATES;  1850  -  1920 

(land  IN  CROPS;  1880-192o) 


Q-  2 
<  < 
U  -J 

^< 

ui  < 
q:  -I 

^  lU 

> 
o 


1850      I860      1870      1880      1890      1900       I910      1920 

6 
5 
4 

3 
2 
1 


yro  O  D     ^^OOO  c  1  'i^fo  A*  ^J 
-r "Z.  -^*— — " (3^  P^  " 


50  E 

< 

u 

40  ct 

UJ 

a. 
30  ^ 

20  w 

Z3 
03 


10 


1850      I860       1870      1680      1890      1900      1910      1920 


Fig.  18. — The  amount  of  improved  land  kept  pace  with  the  iiicieasing  popuhitiou  fijin 
1850  to  1870,  increased  more  rapidly  than  population  till  about  1S8.J,  then  more  slo\yIv 
till  1910,  and  during  the  decade  1910-1920  increased  only  .".  per  cent,  as  compar.'.l  \yilh 
15  per  cent  increase  in  population.  Food  production,  however,  increased  more  laindiy 
than  population  till  about  1906,  or  for  20  years  after  tlie  peak  had  'J/'fi'  mif''"''  «'i 
acreage  of  improved  land  per  capita,  and  has  since  increased  more  slowly  than  papula- 
tion. But  consumption  per  capita  has  been  niaintaincnl  up  to  the  present  tiui*  oy 
diminishins  the   exports.     The  per   capita   production  and   consumption   figures   aie   n\e- 


^po 
year  averages  centered  on  the  census  year. 


26 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AgricvZPwre^  1921. 


PRINCIPAL   CROPS 

RELATIVE    IMPORTANCE 
IN 

ACREAGE    AND    VALUE 

UNITED  STATES.   1919 

ACREAGE 

MILLIONS    OF    ACRES 

so                60               40                20 

PER 
CENT 

OF 
TOTAL 

CROP 

PEB 
CENT 

OF 
TOTAL 

VALUE 
MILLIONS    OF    DOLLARS 
1000                2000               3000 

■■ 

^ 

■I 

^ 

^t- 

23,4 
25.6 
9.0 
19.5 
10.1 
.9 

CORN    FOR  GRAIN 

HAY   8c    FORAGE 

COTTON  &  SEED 

WHEAT 

OATS 

POTATOES 

23.8 
17.1 
16.1 
13.7 
5.8 
4.3 

E 

— 

^TZ 

^^i- 

1^ 

■ 

^H 

■ 

1 

5 

TOBACCO 

3.0 

^H 

■ 

8 

APPLES 

1.7 

■ 

1.7 
.2 

BARLEY 
SWEET  POTATOES 

1.1 

.8 

■ 

2.0 
.2 
.1 

RYE 

RICE 

GRAPES 

.8 
.7 
.6 

2 

PEACHES 

.6 

1.0 

KAFIR,MILO,  ETC. 

.6 

.1 
.2 

ORANGES 
SUGAR    BEETS 

.6 
A 

.3 

PEANUTS 

A 

1 

.3 
.1 

DRY    BEANS 
SUGAR   CANE 

.A 
A 

e.AD 

Fig.  19. — Five  crops — corn,  hay  and  forage,  cotton,  wheat,  and  oats — constitute 
nearly  90  per  cent  of  the  acreage  and  over  75  per  cent  of  the  value  of  all  crops.  Corn 
for  grain  is  the  leading  crop  on  the  basis  of  value,  and  if  the  acreage  of  corn  cut  for 
forage  and  for  silage  be  added  to  that  of  corn  for  grain,  instead  of  being  included  with 
hay  and  forage,  corn  is  the  leading  crop  also  in  acreage.  Cotton  ranked  third  in  value, 
but  fifth  in  acreage  in  1919,  the  value  of  the  cotton  crop  per  acre  being  about  twice 
that  of  corn  or  wheat.  Wheat  stood  fourth  in  value  but  third  in  acreage,  while  oats 
were  fifth  in  value  and  fourth  in.  acreage.  Potatoes,  then  tobacco  and  apples  ranked 
next  to  these  five  crops  in  value,  but  barley,  X"ye,  and  the  grain  sorghums  ranked  next 
in  acreage. 


CORN,  HAY,  WHEAT   AND    COTTON 


PRODUCTION  PER  CAPITA 

or 

TOTAL    POPULATION 

FIVE   YEAR   PERIODS.  1866-1920 


toNrxoocoo>o>oo  —  —    (orvr^ooooo»o>oo  —  — 


YIELD  PER  ACRE 

FIVE   YEAR   PERIODS.  1866-192 


I  00  CO  CO  CO  O  ( 


I  o  o  ^  — 


Fig.  20. — These  four  crops — corn,  hay,  wheat,  and  cotton — constitute  three-fourths 
of  the  total  crop  acreage  of  the  United  States.  Production  per  capita,  it  will  be  no.ted, 
rose  for  15  to  20  years  after  the  Civil  War,  then  remained  more  or  less  steady  for 
25  to  30  years,  and  has  recently  declined,  except  in  the  case  of  hay.  The  yield  per 
acre  of  corn  has  remained  remarkably  constant  for  55  years,  of  hav  and  wheat  has  in- 
creased about  one-sixth,  but  the  yield  per  acre  of  cotton  has  declined  notahlv  since  1914. 
In  general,  production  had  kept  pace  with  population  until  recently,  not  primarily  be- 
cause of  increasing  yields  per  acre,  but  mostly  because  of  expanding  crop  acreage. 


A  Graphic  SiOmmary  of  Amerwcm  AgHcuJture. 


27 


s| 

«SS33S5  =  3!3  =  e3;Sta!3S»!C: 

s 

1 

1 
s 

3" 

U^i^h^i^£iiii 

i/i 

**T 

& 

gSSSISSSSSSS 

-b 

i 

||||||.||r| 

J    — 

S 

llf^f^l^sl 

/      ^ 
/        o 

3j 

g=s-'=-'--  = 

'                OS 

u 
-] 
< 

ssss.sisiis 

o 

s 

tiS^^ii 

-1 
< 

> 

t% 

5=.  =  -S  =  =  S=ra 

1 

S.«;Ss.SS.|i.g.S 

5 

^i=IJ3:ildi 

Fig.  21. — The  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  produced  in  1919  about  86  per  cent 
of  the  value  of  all  crops  of  the  Nation  ;  the  value  of  the  crops  produced  in  the  Cotton 
Belt  and  the  Corn  Belt  being  nearly  50  per  cent  The  value  of  the  crops  iier  tiqtiare 
mile  of  land  area  was  about  .?15,000  in  the  Corn  Belt  and  .1:8,700  in  the  Cotton  Belt, 
descending  to  only  .$673  in  the  Arizona-California  Desert  Region  ;  but  the  value  p«r  acre 
in  crops  was  highest  in  the  Arizona-California  Desert  ($95),  where  all  crops  are 
irrigated,  and  lowest  in  the  Great  Plains  Region  ($21),  where  most  of  the  crops  are 
grown  under  semiarid  conditions. 


28 


Yearhook  of  the  Department  of  AgHcvIture,  192t. 


Figs.  22  and  23.— The  northern  boundary  of  the  Cotton  Belt  is  approximately  the 
line  af  200  davs  average  frost-free  season  (see  Fig.  5)  and  77°  mean  summer  temperature, 
the  southern  "boundary  that  of  11  inches  autumn  rainfall,  l>ecause  wet  weather  inter- 
feres with  picking  and  damages  the  lint.  This  southern  boundary  is  now  moving  north- 
ward, as  the  milder  winter  temperatures  near  the  Gulf  and  longer  seasoii  permit  in- 
creased injury  bv  the  boll  weevil.  The  western  boundary  of  cotton  production  witnouu 
irrigation  is  approximately  the  line  of  23  inches  average  annual  rainfall  (see  Ing.  4) 
The  densest  areas  on  the  map  are  districts  of  richer  soils,  notably  the  Black  Frairie  or 
Texas  and  the  Yazoo  Delta  (see  Fig.  6),  or  heavily  fertilized  soils,  especially  those  of  the 
Piedmont  and  Uwoer  Coastal  Plain   (see  Fis.   109 >. 


A  Graphic  Summary  of  Americcm  Agriculture. 


29 


Fig.  24. — Over  two-thirds  of  the  corn  acreage  of  the  world  is  in  the  United  States, 
nearly  all  east  of  the  line  of  8  inches  mean  snmmer  rainfall  and  south  of  the  line  of 
66°  mean  summer  temperature.  Nearly  90  per  cent  of  the  acreage  of  corn  for  grain 
in  the  United  States  is  in  the  Corn  Belt,  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region,  and  the 
Cotton  Belt.  In  these  three  regions  corn  constitutes  about  one-third  of  the  acreage  of 
all  crops.  In  the  Corn  Belt  it  is  dominant,  contributing  nearly  two-fifths  of  the  acre- 
age and  half  of  the  value  of  all  crops.  Hay,  associated  with  spring  oats  in  the  northern 
portion  and  with  winter  wheat  in  the  southern  portion,  are  the  other  important  crops 
in  the  Corn  Belt.     (See  Figs.  29,  32,  and  38.) 


30 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AgricyZture,  1921. 


Fig.  25. — Corn  constitutes  probably  95  per  cent  or  more  of  the  acreage  of  crops  cut 
for  silage.  In  the  Southwest  relatively  small  amounts  of  kaflr  and  milo  are  used  for 
silage;  and  in  the  Northwest  occasionally  sunflowers  are  so  used,  likewise  pea  vines  in 
Wisconsin  ;  but  the  amounts,  except  of  kaflr  and  milo,  are  insignificant.  Silage  is  fed 
principally  to  dairy  cows  in  the  winter,  but  its  use  for  beef  cattle  is  increasing  rapidly, 
especially  in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  a  small  amount  is  fed  to  sheep.  Consequently  at 
present  the  area  of  silage  crops  corresponds  in  a  general  way  with  that  Qf  dairy  cows, 
except  in  central  Kansas,  where  silage  is  fed  mostly  to  beef  cattle.     (See  Figs.  81  and  82.) 


CORN  CUT  FOR 
FORAGE  OR  FODDER 

ACREAGE  AND  YIELD  PER  ACRE,  1919 


STATE 

ACHES 

^°'S^ 

STAH 

ACRES 

^r^ 

Okio. 

1,659,177 

1.22 

G.  .. 

728,844 

n 

Mo.. 

1,0S1,S98 

1.26 

Pi  . 

700,298 

1.21 

1,048,464 

1.17 

III... 

671^85 

1.62 

K,  .. 

93I.4SI 

.81 

lo... 

653,872 

2.42 

V.  .  . 

863,684 

.76 

Minn. 

614,598 

IM 

JLuu. 

752,035 

1.50 

Wi... 

512,552 

1.65 

STATl 

ACUl 

rofsni 

lOl 

NC 

493,612 

40 

SM 

435361 

\a 

mi 

418,031 

\K 

sc 

315J«9 

J2 

TcM 

293,227 

71 

N  M 

278.4SS 

m 

Mr 

273J86 

\a 

Id. 

2I9;6S4 

lot 

f  Ti 

I82.7W 

III 

Ote. 

1,403340 

\ia 

as. 

ms^ 

m 

Fig.  26. — Corn  is  cut  for  forage  mostly  around  the  margin  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  in 
the  Middle  and  South  Atlantic  States.  This  practice  corresponds,  in  a  general  way, 
with  the  areas  in  which  corn  is  cut  and  shocked.  Doubtless  much,  perhaps  most,  of 
this  corn  reported  to  the  census  as  cut  for  forage  was  also  harvested  for  grain.  Much 
of  the  acreage  of  corn  shown  on  this  map,  therefore,  is  also  shown  on  the  map  of  corn 
for  gram  (Fig.  24).  The  Department  of  Agriculture  estimates  tbe  area  of  corn  cut 
for  forage  only  in  1921  at  2,600,000  acres.  Corn  forage  is  fed  almost  wholly  to  cattlo, 
though  a  little  is  used  to  feed  sheep  and  horses. 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agriculture. 


31 


Fig.  27. — Com  is  tJie  great  American  cereal,  constituting  alx)ut  60  per  cent  of  the 
tonnage  of  all  cereals  grown  in  the  United  States,  and  over  50  per  cent  of  the  value. 
More  than  half  of  this  crop  is  produced  in  the  Corn  Belt  :  but  corn  is  the  leading  crop 
in  value  also  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Belt,  and  is  the  all-important  cereal  in 
the  Cotton  Belt.  Corn  is  a  very  productive  crop,  yielding,  in  general,  about  twice  as 
many  pounds  of  grain  per  acre  as  wheat,  oats,  barley,  or  rye.  The  climate  and  soil  of 
the  Corn  Belt  are  peculiarly  suited  to  it.  Pi-ol>ably  no  other  area  in  tJie  world  of 
equal  extent  produces  so  much  food  per  square  mile  as  the  Corn  Belt.  (See  Figs.  21 
and  104.) 


Fig.  28. — In  the  Corn  Belt  most  of  the  corn  is  fed  to  hogs,  cattle,  and  horses  on  the 
Bame  farm  that  it  is  grown  (.see  figs.  89.  81,  and  76)  ;  but  a  considerable  quantity, 
amounting  to  41  per  cent  of  the  crop  in  Illinois  in  1919,  and  about  30  per  cent  in  Iowa, 
South  Dakota,  and  Nebraska,  is  sold  to  noiirby  farmers,  is  shipped  to  consumers  in  thi- 
South  and  East,  is  exported  largely  through  Chicago  and  tlie  Atlantic  ports,  or  is  made 
into  starch  and  glucose.  The  corn  which  the  map  indicates  as  sold  from  the  farms  in 
Pennsylvania.  Maryland,  and  several  Southern  States,  consists  mostly  of  sales  to  neigh- 
boring farmers.  Farms  near  the  water  front  in  Maryland  and  Virginia,  however,  ship 
corn  by  water  to  Baltimore,  whence  it  is  exported. 

7550°— 22 3 


82 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


3 

Sg 

S" 

19.6 
10.6 
15i 
15.6 

e 

0 

(J 

1 

Ll) 

Ksggsl 

i 

i 

< 

OS 

U 

K 

< 
< 

T 

55 

SSS33 

sa  =  g  = 

i 

z 

5 

U^U 

\ 

K 

33S3i=55Sii 

gSSSgggSSE 

% 

1,03U76 
990^18 
947,342 
924,553 
911,434 
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Pig.  29. — The  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Belt  included  42  per  cent  of  the  Nations 
acreage  of  winter  wheat  in  1919,  and  3<i  per  cent  more  was  located  in  the  southern  and 
eastern  portion  of  the  Corn  Belt.  The  southern  boundary  of  this  wmter  wheat  belt  fol- 
lows the  isotherm  of  72°  during  the  month  preceding  harvest  (June  15)  ;  and  although 
BOine  wheat  is  grown  south  of  this  line,  it  frequently  suffers  severe  damage  trom  rust. 
The  northern  frontier  of  winter  wheat  follows,  in  a  general  way,  the  mean  winter  tem- 
perature line  of  20°,  which  extends  in  a  northwesterly  direction  from  northern  Illinois 
and  Iowa  diagonally  across  South  Dakota  and  Montana. 


A   Graphic  Smnmary  of  Americo/n  Agricultv/re. 


33 


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Fig.  30. — About  half  the  acreage  of  spring  wheat  iu  1919  was  in  the  Spring  Wheat 
Area,  where  it  constituted  40  per  cent  of  the  acreage  of  all  crops,  and  most  of  the  other 
half  was  located  in  the  adjoining  portion  of  the  Great  Plains  Region.  A  secondary  but 
important  center  of  production  is  located  in  the  subhumid  portions  of  Washington  and 
Oregon.  The  southern  boundary  of  the  Spring  Wlieat  Area  is  determined  largely  by  the 
northern  boundary  of  winter  wheat,  which  is,  in  general,  more  i>roductive  and  more 
profitable  where  it  can  be  grown.  The  northern  limit  of  spring  wheat  is  approximately 
the  mean  summer  temperature  of  58°,  which  is  found  iu  the  United  States  only  iu  the 
western  mountains. 


34  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921, 


Fig.  31. — The  United  States  produces  about  one-fifth  of  the  world's  wheat,  as  com 
pared  with  three-flfths  of  the  world's  corn  and  cotton.  The  wheat  crop  of  the  United 
States,  measured  in  bushels,  is  usually  from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  the  corn  crop.  Half 
of  the  wheat  crop  was  grown  in  six  States  in  1919.  Kansas  was  the  leading  State,  as 
usual,  but  North  Dakota,  which  has  often  ranked  first  and  is  usually  second,  had  a  very 
poor  crop  in  1919.  On  the  other  hand,  both  acreage  and  production  were  unusually 
large  that  year  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  northern  portion  of  the 
Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region.     (See  Fig.  2.) 


A   Graphic  Svimm-crri/  of  American  Agriculture. 


35 


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Fig.  32. — The  Oat  Belt  of  the  United  States  consists  of  a  crescent-shaped  area  extending 
from  New  England  to  North  Dakota,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Great  Liikes  and  on 
the  south  by  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region.  An  arm  extends  southwestwardly 
from  this  belt  across  eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma  to  central  Texas.  Oats  prefer  a  cool, 
moist  climate,  and  this  large  acreage  in  the  Corn  Belt  and  southwesterly  is  owing  more 
to  the  need  of  feed  for  horses,  and  of  a  spring  grain  nurse  crop  for  clover,  than  to  par- 
ticularly favorable  climatic  conditions.  In  the  Southern  States  most  of  the  oats  are 
fall  sown,  but  in  the  North  the  oats  ere  sown  in  the  spring. 


36  Yearbook  of  the  DepartTnent  of  Agricullmre,  1921. 


Fig.  33. — It  should  be  noted  that  a  dot  ou  this  map  represents  only  one-fifth  as  ^luch 
acreage  as  on  the  maps  of  corn,  wheat,  and  oats.  Barley  is  a  minor  crop  m  the 
United  States  compared  with  these  crops,  except  in  southeastern  Wisconsin,  southeastern 
and  northwestern  Minnesota,  the  eastern  portions  of  the  Dakotas.  and  the  valleys  or 
California.  In  these  five  States  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  Nation's  barley  acreage  is 
found.  Minor  centers  may  be  noted  on  the  map  in  northwestern  Kansas,  southeastern 
Michigan,  and  northwestern  New'  York.  These  terley  districts  are  characterized  by  a 
cool,  sunny  climate.  The  crop  in  California  is  grown  during  the  winter.  Much  Dariey 
is  also  sown  in  California  to  toe  cut  green  for  hay  (see  Fig.  4.5). 


A   Graphic  Swininary  of  American  AgricuUv/re. 


37 


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Fig.  34. — Rye  acreage  in  North  Dakota  increased  from  48,000  in  1909  to  2,422,000  in 
1919.  This  acreage  in  North  Dakota  in  1919  was  almost  one-third  of  the  total  in  the 
United  States,  although,  owing  to  an  unfavorable  season,  the  production  was  little 
greater  than  in  Michigan.  Rye  heretofore  has  been  grown  mostly  in  the  sandy  sec- 
tions of  the  Lake  States,  and  this  sudden  extension  of  production'  onto  the  subhumid 
lands  of  the  Spring  Wheat  and  Great  Plains  regions  is  an  interesting  and  pral>al>ly  sig- 
nificant development.  The  acreage  of  rye  in  the  United  States  in  1919  was  much  greater 
than  ever  before,  exceeding,  even,  the  acreage  of  barley,  but  has  declined  nearly  half  dur- 
ing the  past  two  years. 


672-72 


38  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921, 


f2_  ^  g  -.  S,  S.  S.  K  P(  o  2  ^  M  ffi  *  S,  ^. 


Fig.  35. — The  grain  sorghums  are,  perhaps,  our  most  drought-resistant  crops.  The 
expansion  of  acreage  during  the  past  two  decades  in  the  southern  Great  Plains  area 
has  been  eitraordinarv.  Fiom  1899  to  1909  the  acreage  in  the  United  States  increased 
from  206,000  to  1,085,000,  or  sixfold,  and  between  1909  and  1919  it  more  than  doubled. 
Buckwheat,  which  is  p>raetically  confined  to  the  Appalachian  area  and  the  Lake  States, 
has  decreased  slightly  in  acreage  since  1909.  It  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  districts  having 
cool,  moist  summers  and  sour  soils. 

The  velvet  bean,  grown  as  a  forage  crop,  has  increased  greatly  its  acreage  in  the 
Southeastern  States,  where  the  boll  weevil  has  discouraged  cotton  growers  and  a\yakened 
interest  in  live-stock  production.     (See  Figs.  22  and  81.) 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agricultwe. 


39 


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Fig.  36. — The  sorghums  are  grown  for  forage  much  farther  north  than  for  gi-aln ; 
while  the  sweet  sorghums,  which  are  not  commonly  grown  for  grain,  are  frequently 
nsed  for  forage  far  to  the  east  in  the  Cotton  Belt  and  the  Com  and  Winter  Wheat 
regions.  The  acreage  of  soi-ghums  for  forage  is  larger  than  the  acreage  for  grain, 
..«specially  in  Kansas,  where  some  sorghum  is  used  for  silage  (see  Fig.  25).  It  is  in- 
teresting to  note  that  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  sorghum  forage  was  1.7  tons  in 
1919,  as  compared  with  less  than  1  ton  per  acre  for  corn  in  this  area,  and  1.2  tons  for 
corn  in  the  entire  United  States.  The  sorghums,  apparently,  yield  more  forage  per 
acre  in  this  semiarid  area  than  corn  in  the  humid  regions. 


40  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  37. — Nearly  90  per  cent  of  the  tobacco  acreage  is  in  six  States — Kentucky,  North 
Carolina,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  South  Carolina,  and  Ohio.  But  there  are  also  important 
centers  of  production,  especially  of  certain  types,  in  southea-n  Maryland,  in  Lancaster 
County,  Pa.,  in  the  Connecticut  Valley,  and  in  southern  Wisconsin.  Tobacco  is  very 
sensitive  to  soil  conditions,  but  these  requirements  vary  with  the  different  types. 

Rice  production  is  now  largely  confined  to  the  coastal  prairies  of  Lrouisiana  and  Texas, 
the  prairie  district  of  eastern  Arkansas,  and  the  flat  valley  of  the  Sacramento  in  Cali- 
fornia, all  areas  of  heavy  subsoils  which  hold  the  irrigation  water. 

Flax  is  giown  in  the  Spring  Wheat  and  Northern  Great  Plains  Areas.  Nearly  half  of 
the  heanp  is  raised  in  Wisconsin. 


A   Graphic  Svmvm<iry  of  American  Agriculture. 


41 


Fig.  38. — This  map  of  hay  and  forage  includes  not  only  the  hay  crops  bnt  also  corn 
and  the  sorghums  cut  for  silage  or  fodder  and  root  crops  us(m1  for  forage — 13  items  in 
all  in  the  census  schedule,  of  which  8  are  shown  in  the  following  maps,  and  3  have 
already  been  shown  (flgs.  25,  26,  and  36),  The  hay  and  forage  acreage,  it  will  be  note<!. 
Is  largely  concentrated  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  and  around  the  margin  of  the 
Corn  Belt,  the  greatest  State  acreage  being  found  in  New  York  and  the  greatest  ton- 
nage production  in  Wisconsin.  Relative  to  the  acreage  in  crops,  however,  hay  and 
forage  is  most  important  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region,  where  it  occupies  55  per  cent 
Of  the  crop  land. 


42 


Tearhooh  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  39. — Tlmathy  is  practically  confined  to  the  northeastern  quarter  of  the  United 
States,  except  for  a  scattered  acreage  in  the  moister  districts  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Region.  The  western  margin  of  the  timothy  acreage  in  the  Dakotas,  Nebraska,  and 
Kansas  marks  the  beginning  of  the  "  Black-earth  "  belt,  where  lime  has  accumlated  in 
the  subsoil,  of  dense  alfalfa  acreage,  and  of  dry-farming  practices  (see  Pigs.  6,  42, 
and  10.3).  The  southern  boundary  of  timothy  follows  approximately  the  line  of  200 
days  in  the  frost-free  season,  or  77°  mean "  summer  temperature.  The  districts  of 
densest  production  in  northern  Missouri,  southern  Illinois,  eastern  Ohio,  and  western 
Pennsylvania  have,  in  general,  rather  heavy  and  slightly  sour  soils. 


A   Graphic  SwninKiry  of  American  Agricultwe, 


43 


Fig.  40. — The  acreage  of  timothy  and  clover  mixed  extends  a  little  farther  south  and 
Is  somewhat  more  important  in  tlie  West,  especially  in  the  North  I'acitic  Uetrion,  tluxu 
ttat  of  timothy  alone.  Clover  is  not  as  well  adapted  as  timothy  to  heavy  or  sour  soils, 
fonsequently,  timothy  ajid  clover  mixed  is  more  important  on  the  better  soils — in  south- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  western  Ohio,  southern  Michigan,  northwestern  Illinois,  and  Iowa. 
In  the.se  sections  timothy  and  clover  commonly  constitute  the  third  year  and  some- 
times  the  fourth  year  also,  in  a  rotation,  following  corn  and  wheat  or  oats.  About 
two-thirds    of    the    acreage    of    timothy    and    cltner   mixed    is    in    the    Hay    and    Pasture 


Region.     Compare  with  map  of  cotton  acreage  (Fig.  22)  and  of  clover  (Fig.  43). 


44  Tearhook  of  the  DepartTnent  of  Agriculture,  1921, 


Fig.  41. — rThe  acreage  of  wild  or  prairie  hay  is  found  mostly  in  the  Spring  Wheat 
Area,  the  western  margin  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region,  and  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  Great  Plains ;  in  brief,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  subhumid 
belt.  East  of  this  belt  the  moister  climate  permits  the  cultivation  of  timothy  and 
clover,  which  are  more  productive  (see  Figs.  39  and  40)  ;  and  west  of  this  belt  the 
climate  is  so  dry  that  the  grass  normally  does  not  grow  high  enough  to  cut  (see  Figs. 
4  and  7).  The  acreage  shown  in  Wisconsin  is  mostly  marsh  hay  and  that  in  the 
Western  States  Is  located  largely  in  moist  mountain  valleys  or  on  high  plateaus 
(see  Fig.  3). 


A  Graphic  ^wmmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


45 


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Fig,  42. — Alfalfa  demands  soils  that  are  not  acid,  and  it  is  most  easily  cured  in  a 
climate  that  is  not  rainy  during  the  summer.  Consequently,  it  thrives  best  in  the 
Western  States,  where  it  is  grown  mo.stly  under  irrigatitm,  and  fairly  well  in  the 
limestone  sections  of  the  East,  where  its  culture  is  increasing  rapidly.  This  increase 
has  been  notable  in  the  slightly  subhumid  section  of  eastern  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
where  the  acreage  has  increased  over  sixfold  in  the  past  20  years.  Alfalfa  ropInc^>s 
wild  hay  in  this  area  as  the  major  hay  crop.  Seven-eighths  of  the  alfalfa  acreage  is 
west  of  the  Missouri  River  (see  Figs,  4,  6,  and  16). 


46 


Y em-book  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  43. — Thi.s  map  shows  the  acreage  of  clover  grown  alone  (for  timothy  and  clover 
mixed  see  Fig.  40).  "Clover"  may  mean  red,  mammoth,  or  alsike  clover  in  the  Northern 
and  Central  States,  crimson  clover,  a  very  different  plant,  in  the  coastal  plain  of  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  and  Virginia,  bur  clover  in  parts  of  the  South,  and  was  specifically 
stated  in  the  census  schedule  to  include  lespedeza.  Consequently,  the  map  above,  like 
that  of  wild  hay,  includes  several  different  plants,  all  legumes,  however.  Most  of  the 
clover  acreage,  it  will  be  noted,  is  located  in  the  Corn  Belt  and  the  Corn  and  Winter 
Wheat  Region,  particularly  along  the  lower  Ohio  River  and  up  the  Mississippi  as  far  as 
St.  Louis.     Much  of  this  clover  is  grown  for  seed  as  well  as  for  hay. 


«  ^^S-  ■**• — ^^'^  ™^P  shows  the  geographic  distribution  of  the  census  item  entitled 
Other  tame  or  cultivated  grasses  cut  for  hay."  In  New  England  and  New  York  it 
consLSts  mostly  of  redtop,  quack  grass,  orchard  grass,  and  Canada  blue  grass  ;  the  dense 
center  in  southern  Illinois  is  largely  redtop ;  in  the  Black  Prairie  of  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  in  general  throughout  the  South,  the  dots  represent  Bermuda  and  JohnJ 
son  grass  principally ;  while  in  eastern  Tennessee  orchard  grass  and  tall  rye  grass 
probably  constitute  most  of  the  acreage  shown.  The  scattered  acreage  in  the  State 
from  North  Dakota  to  Texas  is  almost  wholly  millet,  Sudan  grass,  or  amber  cane. 


Xo 


A   Graphio  Smrmiary  of  American  AgrlcvXtv/fei 


47 


SMALL  GRAINS  CUT  FOR  HAY 

IWHEAT,  BARLEY.  OATS.  AND    RYD 

ACREAGE.   1919 


GRAIN  HAY  ACREAGE,  1919 


STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

Calif.  . 

1,085.380 

Mo.    .  . 

189,857 

N.  Dak 

647,888 

Tex  .. 

172,626 

Wash. 

477,081 

Idaho  . 

167,531 

Oreg.  . 

467,390 

Colo  .  . 

132.136 

Mont  . 

466,727 

Tenn  . 

129,171 

Ark,. 

'     193.154. 

S.  Dak 

109.107 

GRAIN  HAY     | 

c 

nlinucdl 

STATE 

ACRES 

Wyo. 

101.294  , 

Kt... 
Okia  . 

98.172 

94.359 

Minn  . 

89.369 

N.  Y. . 

88,708 

Nebr  . 

80,087 

Kani. 

73,049 

ni... 

69,557 

S.  C. 

64,982  1 

OUien 

677.229  1 

U.S.. 

5.674.854 

Pig.  45. — The  small  grains — barley,  oats,  wheat,  and  occasionall.v  rye — are  cut  green 
for  hay,  mostly  in  the  I'aciflc  Coast  State.s  where  a  hay  crop  is  needed  which  will  grow 
quickly  during  the  cool,  moist  winters,  and  which  need  not  survive  the  long  summer 
drought.  In  ralifornia  barley  mostly  is  used,  but  in  Washington  and  Oregon  wheat 
and  oats  are  more  commonly  cut  for  hay.  The  large  acreage  shown  in  North  Dakota 
and  eastern  Montana  is  mostly  wheat,  and  Is  doubtless  larger  than  usual  owing  to  the 
dry  season  which  caused  the  crop  in  much  of  this  area  to  be  scarcely  worth  threshing. 


ANNUAL  LEGUMES  CUT  FOR  HAY 

(COWPEAS.  SOY   BEANS.  PEANUTS.  AND   VETCHES! 

ACREAGE,  1919 


ANNUAL  LEGUME  HAY 

ACREAGE.  1919 

1  STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

'  T.na. 
Ga.  .. 
Ala,    . 

S.  c. . 
N.  C. 

v.... 

279,571 
226,733 
217.469 
168.462 
121,962 
112,570 

Ark.  . 
U.  .. 
HI.... 
Miu.  . 
Tm.  . 
Mo... 

76,593 
74,916 
69,903 
68,346 
57,174 
46j5IS 

Fig.  46. — "  Annual  legumes  cut  for  hay  "  was  a  new  item  in  the  1920  censu.^  sched- 
uie,  which  revealed  that  nearly  2,000,000  acres  of  cowpeas,  soy  beans,  and  peanuts  are 
cut  for  hay.  mostly  in  the  southeastern  quarter  of  the  United  States.  The  d(Mi.se  center 
In  southeastern  Alabama  and  the  more  widely  distributed  acreage  in  Tcnn(>ssee  consist 
principally  of  cowpeas.  The  thinly  scattered  dots  in  the  North  and  West  are  mostly 
soy  beans,  except  in  the  North  Pacific  Region,  where  vetches  are  frequently  grown  for 
hay.  Soy  beans  can  be  grown  in  a  much  cooler  climate  than  cowpeas  or  peanuts,  and 
are  quite  dxou.ght  resistant. 

7550°— 22 4 


48  YearlooTc  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921, 


rr  U    uj     uj 

u  o  >„t 
I      5-5 


S.^i.S.sS^S 


ilzo:2'zE2 


0 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


\ 


N 


\ 


iSSiSi. 


Fig.  47. — This  map  shows  only  the  acreage  of  peas  allowed  to  ripen  for  grain  or 
seed.  The  acreage  of  green  garden  peas,  even  when  grown  in  the  field  for  canning,  is 
shown  in  Figure  56.  Peas  cut  for  hay  or  forage  are  included  in  "  Annual  Legumes," 
Figure  46.  Cowpeas,  which  are  more  like  a  bean  than  a  pea.  are  of  importance  as  a 
seed  crop  only  on  the  Piedmont  and  Upper  Coastal  Plain  of  the  Soutli,  extending  as 
far  north  as  Maryland  and  c(>ntral  Illinois.  Canada  peas,  which  thrive  only  in  a  cool 
climate,  are  grown  mostly  in  Wisconsin,  especially  on  the  heavy  soils  of  the  Door 
Peninsula,  in  northeastern  Michigan,  and  in  the  higher  or  cooler  districts  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  Region. 


A   Graphic  Sunvinary  of  American  Agricultv/re. 


49 


0.  a: 
hi  o 
oc  < 


I 
o 

< 


V. 


iC 


P 


A^\ 


(O 


-/• 


Ul 


l/^. 


en  ^ 

D  'o 

°-  ^;;; 
Q  ^  *- 

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Q  s 

_i  "^ 


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1 

14,011 
10,243 
26,141 
12,334 
18.488 
16,792 
17,683 
101,025 

S 

i 

3,016 
2,463 
2.297 
2,277 
2,198 
2,122 
1,783 
14,082 

2 

5 

3 

3 

43.154 
58.797 
32.660 
26.709 
50.471 
45.696 
25.398 
16.238 
27.520 
16.070 

§ 

7,602 
5.689 
5.029 
4,878 
4,735 
3,696 
3,671 
3,569 
3.516 
3,422 

5 

i's>*ss5JtJi 

i 

i 

6,552.951 
4,332.317 
850.334 
427.968 
702.634 
344.432 
122.824 
82.090 
67.638 
36,475 

2 

471,674 
314,873 
112,419 
66.236 
45,897 
33,941 
14.103 
9,438 
9,179 
7.877 

5 

uSzuz2*.Sl. 

:J 

Fig.  48. — Field  beans  are  produced  principally  in  five  areas — in  western  New  York  and 
central  Michigan,,  where  the  leading  varieties  are  white  i>ea.  white  medium,  and  red 
kidney;  on  the  high  plains  of  New  Mexico  and  eastern  Colorado,  where  the  native  Mexi- 
can or  pinto  bean  mostly  is  grown  ;  in  ("alifornia.  where  practically  the  entire  commer- 
cial crop  of  limas  and  nearly  half  of  the  crop  of  white  beans  is  raised  :  and  in  Idaho, 
where  both  the  white  and  Mexican,  also  various  other  varieties,  are  grown  and  shipped 
to  all  parts  of  the  United  States  to  use  as  seed. 

The  acreage  of  peanuts  shown  on  the  map  does  not  include  the  crop  "  hogged  off  "  by 
Stock.  The  peanuts  for  human  consumption  are  grown  mostly  in  the  North  Carolina- 
Virginia  district ;  those  grown  iai  Georgia  and  Alabama  are  largely  fed  to  hogs  or  made 
into  peanut  butter. 


50  Yearhooh  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  49. — The  regions  of  heaviest  potato  production  lie  to  the  north  of  the  Corn  Belt. 
This  is  due  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  quality  and  yield  of  potatoes  are  better  in  regions 
of  cool  climate,  and  partly  to  the  fact  that  corn,  which  requires  labor  at  the  same  time, 
is  very  productive  and  gives  a  greater  return.  Many  of  the  large  centers  of  potato^  pro- 
duction are  in  regions  of  sandy  or  loamy  soils — Aroostook  County  (Me.),  Long  Island, 
New  .Jersey,  ea.stern  Virginia,  western  Michigan,  central  Wisconsin,  and  Anoka  County 
(Minn.).  Many  of  the  minor  centers  of  production  are  located  near  large  cities,  since 
potatoes  are  a  "bulky  crop,  expensive  to  transport,  and  can  be  sold  at  a  profit  by  local 
gardeners  and  farmers  in  competition  with  the  crop  from  the  large  production  centers. 


A   Gra/phic  SiSirmnary  of  American  Agricultv/re. 


51 


i 

172.029 
154.963 
148.689 
120,416 
139,100 
142.261 
122,170 
115,690 
100,463 
69,865 
53.181 
47.011 
52.210 
41.767 
45.340 
118.945 

s 

i 

o  g 
"■i 

5 

52.406 
49.968 
49.131 
41.424 
38.752 
37.311 
35.589 
33.771 
30,624 
20,431 
15,803 
13.450 
12.307 
10.654 
9.968 
30.454 

1 

o  s 

on  - 

5 

i^HusH^ijiU 

s 

7^ 


s  ^  S  §  ^  s  s^ 


3s5;322oS*eJ 


Fig.  50. — The  two  more  important  commercial  sugar  crops  are  cane  and  beet.  The 
acreage  of  sorghum  cane  is  greater  than  that  of  sugar  cane,  but  the  sirup  is  mostly  made 
from  the  sorghum  on  the  farm  and  does  not  entei-  into  commerce.  Sugar  l>eets  do  not, 
ia  general,  show  a  sufficiently  high  sugar  content  to  be  manufactured  profitably  where 
the  summer  temperature  is  over  72°,  and  the  beets  must  also  then  compete  with  coru 
for  the  farmer's  labor.  Sugar  cane  is  not  grown  commercially  for  sugar  outside  of  the 
almost  frost-free  lower  Mississippi  Delta  of  Louisiana.  The  broad  belt  between  the 
Bugar-beet  and  sugar-cane  areas  is  occupied  by  a  thin  and  scattered  acreage  of  sorghum 


62  Yearbook  of  the  Departimnt  of  Agrieulimre^  1921, 


Fig.  51. — The  census  of  1920  was  the  first  to  separate  vegetables  grown  for  home  use 
from  those  grown  for  sale.  The  areas  of  densest  production  of  vegetables  for  home  use 
are  southeastern  Pennsvlvania.  the  upper  Ohio  Valley,  the  mountainous  districts  of  eastern 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  and  of  northern  Alabama,  the  upper  Piedmont  of  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia,  and  much  of  Mississippi,  also  the  Lake  Michigan  shore  counties  of  niscon- 
»;in,  southeastern  Michigan,  and  central  New  York — areas  of  small  farms  owne<t  by  frugal 
I>eople  (see  Figs.  98  and  99).  The  average  size  of  the  fann  garden,  however,  is  ap- 
parently, gi-eatest  in  Virginia  and  Massachusetts,  about  one-half  acre,  and  smallest  in  the 
prairie  and  plains  States,  alx»ut  one-fifth  acre. 


A    Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agriculture. 


53 


V) 

I- 
z 

UJ 
CO 
UJ  w 

DC  lij 

a.  tr. 
^^ 

S8 

Q  in 


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^^ 

O  Q  LxJ 

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O  u 
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I  i  p  §_  1  s  5  5  i  i  i  S  51  ^ 


-_K  M  C4^0_0  Irt  1^—    S_^»«^SS  Lft 


:  ;  :  :^  :  i  ■  :  •  S  :-3  :  i  :^-a  :  • 

::^oJ*o*3oiz;Zi/ioc25Ez*Z 


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3 

s 

0 

1 

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a. 

£ 

3 

14,823 
14,710 
14,652 
14,073 
14.015 

e 
S 

z 

o 
a: 

o 

1 

$2,101,743 
1,143,487 
3,302,158 
1,951,375 
1,932,911 

CO 

S 

20,877 
18,985 
18,438 
16,124 
15,978 

> 

K 

Tenn. . . 
Ark.... 
Colo.  .  . 

2i 


iSz-SSoSG 


_FiG.  52. — The  most  important  area  of  vegetable  production  extends  from  New  York 
City  to  Norfolk,  Va.  In  this  area  about  one-fifth  of  the  Nation's  commercial  crop  is 
produced.  A  second  important  area  extends  from  Utica,  N.  Y.,  west  to  Buffalo  and  Erie. 
Another  belt  surrounds  the  southern  half  of  I>ake  Michigan.  Florida  and  southern  Geor- 
gia, where  perhaps  one-third  of  the  winter  vegetables  are  grown,  may  be  said  to  consti- 
tute a  fourth  area.  California  possesses  three  important  areas — the  Sacramento-Stockton 
district,  the  Los  Angeles  district,  and  the  Imperial  Valley.  In  California  also  the  winter 
crop  is  important.  Smaller  centers  of  production  adjoin  most  of  the  large  cities.  The 
centers  shown  in  western  Iowa  and  Nebraska  represent  pop  corn. 


64  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  19M. 


CABBAGE  ACREAGE^ 

CABBAGE 

(GROWN  FOR  SALE) 

-,___ACREAGE,  1919 

EACH  DOT  REPRESENTS 
100  ACRES 

^. 

[   .  \  ~;;^ 

-tQ^ 

;.                .     -S        \J 

<^ 

Vx  y 

CABBAGE 

(Continued)        1 

^^*'^'\.««''^ '■^.  \ 

STATE 

ACRES   1 

lU.  .. 
Colo. 
Minn. 
Mats. 
Md.. 
S.  C. 
Other 

3,782  ; 
3,772  j 
3,372  ; 
2,737 
2,442 
2,232 
23,118 

i  STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

N.  Y. . 

WU.. 

Pa... 
1  Va. . . 
j:alif  . 

30,555 

11,955 

7,718 

5,443 

5,422 

Fla  .. 
Tex.. 
Mich. 
Ohio. 
N.J.. 

4,501 
4,329 
4,297 
4,240 
4,079 

U.S. 

123,994 

Fig.  53. — The  principal  cabbage-producing  districts  are  in  the  North,  the  largest  being 
the  belt  of  counties  in  New  York  from  Buffalo  to  Syracuse.  In  this  district  nearly  one- 
quarter  of  the  Nation's  acreage  is  found,  mostly  on  the  muck  lands  and  the  Clyde 
eeries  of  soils.  Other  important  districts  are  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  ;  Burlington  and  (Glou- 
cester Counties.  N.  J.  ;  around  Norfolk  and  in  Wythe  County,  Va.  ;  along  Lake  Michi- 
gan from  Chicago  to  Milwaukee  ;  in  Green  Bay  County,  Wis.  ;  around  Denver,  Colo.,  and 
Los  Angeles,  Calif.  Early  cabbages  are  raised  mostly  in  Florida,  in  the  Young's  Island 
(S.  C.)  district,  in  Copiah  County,  Miss.,  and  in  southern  Texas. 


Fig.  54. — The  principal  cantaloupe-producing  districts  are  now  located  in  the  West, 
California  having  over  one-quarter  of  the  Nation's  acreage.  The  most  important  western 
districts  are  in  Stanislaus  (Turloc  district),  Los  Angeles,  and  Imperial  Counties,  Calif.; 
in  the  Salt  River  Valley  (Phoenix  district)  of  Arizona;  and  the  Arkansas  Valley  (Rocky 
Ford-Ordway  district)  'of  Colorado.  In  these  five  districts  nearly  40  per  cent  of  the 
Nation's  acreage  was  found  in  1919.  Arkansas  ranked  next  to  California  in  acreage, 
the  principal  districts  being  located  in  Hempstead  and  Sevier  Counties.  Other  impor- 
tant districts  are  Gibson  and  Knox  Counties  in  Indiana,  Sussex  in  Delaware,  Gloucesr 
ter  in  New  Jersey,  and  Mitchell  County  (Pelham  district),  Ga. 


A    Graphic  Sutmmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


55 


Fig.  05. — The  principal  watermelon-producing  districts  are  in  the  South,  Georgia  and 
Texas  having  nearly  one-third  of  the  Nation's  acreage.  The  most  important  districts 
in  Georgia  center  around  Valdosta  and  Thomasville,  and  in  Texas  around  Sulphur  Springs. 
Florida  ranks  next  in  importance,  but  the  acreage  is  more  scattered.  There  is  an  impor- 
tant center  in  Barnwall  and  Hampton  Counties,  S.  C,  in  Scotland  County.  N.  C,  and 
a  less  dense  acreage  along  l)Oth  shores  of  Chesapeake  Bay  in  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
Dunklin  and  Scott  Counties  in  southeastern  Missouri  are  other  important  districts,  also 
Grady  County,  Okla.,  and  Stanislaus  and  Los  Angeles  Counties,  Calif. 


Fig.  56. — Green  peas,  like  cabbages,  are  a  cool-climate  crop,  but  in  pea  production 
Wisconsin  is  more  important  than  New  York,  having,  indeed,  one-third  of  the  Nation's 
acreage.  The  Wisconsin  districts  include  Columbia,  Dodge,  Green  Lake,  Sheboygan, 
and  Washington  Counties  in  the  southeast,  Barron  and  Chippewa  Counties  in  the  north- 
west, and  Marinette  and  Oconto  in  the  northeast.  The  New  York  district,  which  ranks 
next  in  importance,  extends  from  Buffalo  to  Utica.  Eastern  Maryland  and  Delaware 
rank  third  in  importance,  followed  by  California  (San  Francisco  Bay  district)  and 
Michigan.  A  small  acreage  is  found  in  southern  New  Jersey,  and  in  the  Salt  La'ke 
district  and  Jordan  Valley  of  Utah. 


56 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


r— 
1 

vw 

7 

3 

SWEET  CORN 

(GROWN  FOR  SALE) 

•— ^_____ACREAGE.  1919 

EACH   DOT  REPRESS 
100  ACRES 

fJTS 

2? 

v/ 

SWEET  CORN,  ACREAGE 

"""            [ 

ij#>  :| 

\yhw^ 

1         V 

1 '—I      '  •'* 

&^^S 

V 

t       ./■«•  1 

I    ■'       ..  ■■■] 

1 1 

'                  ''T*          I 

1  -h 

\  *  ^^  y 

SWEET  CORN-Coi 

iaSi^^io^  A 

STATE 

ACRES 

Wis   . 

Mass. 
Calif. 
Minn. 
Nebr. 
Conn. 
Other 

6,777 
5,987 
5,259 
4,853 
3,804 
3,460 
25,373 

STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

iMd.. 
N.Y. 
Iowa. 
Ohio 

,m... 

34,778 
28,965 
28,595 
27,902 
26,643 

Pa  .. 

N.J. 
Me.. 
Ind.. 
Mich. 

22,255 
15,572 
11,316 
10,101 
9,944 

^ 

BMB 

U.  S. 

271,584 

Fig.  57. — Sweet  corn  is  primarily  an  eastern,  middle-latitude  crop,  but  it  is  extensively 
grown  also  in  New  York  and  New  England,  owing  in  large  mea.sure  to  the  excellent 
quality  produced,  -and  the  fact  that  it  need  not  mature.  Maryland  ranks  first  in  acre- 
age, followed  by  New  York,  Iowa,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  Pennsylvania  in  close  succession. 
New  Jersey,  relative  to  it.s  area,  has  a  large  acreage.  The  acreage  in  these  States  is 
concentrated  in  a  few  counties,  as  can  be  seen  on  the  map.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
althougli  there  is  almost  no  corn  grown  for  grain  in  Maine  or  California  (see  Fig.  24), 
there  is  a  considerable  acreage  of  sweet  corn  in  these  States. 


r 

AGE 

Is 

TOMATOE 

(GROWN  FOR  S; 

— -__ACREAGE. 

:s 

LE) 

1919 

EACH   DOT  REPRESE 
100  ACRES 

NTS 

r\ 

TOMATOES,  ACRE. 

4^ 

V. 

TOMATOES 

(Conbnued) 

I 

■  '^'A 

■      ...              •    •.•4 

7 — \  -••••■ 

^      J 

STATE 

ACRES 

Pa  .. 
Tenn. 
lU.     . 
Miss. 
Tn.  . 
Mich. 
Other 

8,048 
7,981 
6,282 
5,963 
5,914 
4,074 
32,969 

STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

Md.. 
N.J.. 
Calif. 
Del.. 
V«... 

58,083 
36,986 
31,410 
22,797 
22,380 

Ind... 
Fla... 
N.Y. . 
Ohio. 
Mo  .. 

20,790 
18,089 
13,417 
10,870 
10346 

^^ 

U.S. 

316,399 

Fig.  .58. — Tomatoes  are  grown  for  sale  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  United  States, 
except  in  the  Spring  Wheat,  Northern  Great  Plains  and  Arid  Intermountain  Plateau 
regions.  The  eastern  Maryland,  Delaware,  and  southern  New  Jersey  districts  include 
oyer  one-third  of  the  Nation's  acreage,  and  the  Los  Angeles  and  San  Francisco  Bay 
districts  in  California  about  one-tenth.  Virginia  and  Indiana  rank  next  in  importance, 
followed  by  Florida,  which  produces  most  of  the  winter  crop.  Other  important  early- 
tomato  districts  are  located  in  Copiah  County,  Miss.,  and  Cherokee  County,  Tex.  Toma- 
toes lead  all  the  vegetables  grown  for  sale  in  the  United  States  (other  than  potatoes 
and  sweet  potatoes),  both  in  acreage  and  value. 


A   Graphic  S'lMi'inary  of  American  AgricuHwre, 


57 


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I       FIG.  59.— California  contributed  over  one-sixth  of  tho  ^^f^'^^'l^^.^^^^^^f.fyJ^^I^  ^n- 
nuts  in  1919  and  over  one-third  of  the  value.    .The  district  m  southern  California  con 
sists  mostly   of  citrus  fruits,   walnuts,   and  apncots    (see  fl^s.   68   and   6 .  )      ^^^^  ^'l"/;^^ 
(San  Joaquin  Valley)    district,  of  raisin  grapes,  peaches    a"^  ^pncots.   witli  some  <-u 
fruits  in  the  eastern  foothills   (Figs.  64,  65.  67.  and  68)  -'andtirte   northern   «''st'^ '^  «^ 

i  peaches  and  aprico+s,  plums  and  pi-unes    gi-apes,  walnuts,  and  almonds,  wjtli^app^^^^^ 
tte  cool  coast:  and   pears  in  the  foothills.     The  dots  in  Florid^^^ 

fruits,    those    in    the    cotton    belt     especially    <'f^»gf^    'l^^n^^'X '  DPle  is  the  dominant 
pecans  ;  elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  with  few  exceptions,  tne  appie  is  lue  uu 
fruit  (Figs.  GO,  61,  62,  and  63). 


58 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AgricvZture,  19M. 


MM 

APPLE   TREES   OF   BEARING   AGE 
APPROXIMATE   ACREAGE.   1919 

EACH 

DOT  BEPHESENTS 
500  ACRES 

1 

si 

*"   — — 

^ 

AOTUU.  ARU  OOWVneD  BT  T>a 

DOT  1*  -n  TiMu  M  cnur  a* 
TMi  oROf  APIA  IT  Paffm»an\ 

r^ 

_3IIT 

H^             '-M- 

•  •  •'■  ■  7 

L-'  -^ 

ry 

^^     -El 

y     i 

V:-\      / 

"•/     .        '•                        *    • 

k: 

■^t 

K"^ 

vf^^^ 

^^^^ 

JLJ^' 

A 

,-'  ^ 

V     •'        \   rJ 

SjM^r 

^  'V^J 

^P^^*''^^ 

' 

1^'        1"    ■"   •••.•:•: 

-  ^ 

"£- 

1^2 

P^il          ^ 

T  / 

j 

■   f  •     ^-^^ 

•■    t  •• 

^\        J        APPLE  TREES      il 

!         ^ 

APPLE  TREES  OF  BEARING  AGE 

1  APPROXIMATE  ACREAGE.  1919 

^ 

> 

"^ 

Ls 

ICo 

ntinued) 

STATE 

ACRES 

Tenn  . 
Ark.. 

HSif: 

Ind   .. 
Iowa  . 
Idaho. 
Md  .. 
Mau  . 
Other. 

66,285 
58,214 
55,252 
52,143 
48,968 
43,310 
39,674 
34,414 
33,857 
360,130 

STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

S»i^ 

N.Y.. 
P.  ... 
Ohio.. 
Mich  . 
Va... 
Wuh. 

267,681 
194,130 
165,847 
155,990 
153,843 
132,738 

W.  Vb 

Me.  .. 

!^o::: 

Ul.... 
N.C.. 

115,751 
78,701 
77,985 
74,749 
73,050 
72,394 



^rr-.-si 

_ 

U.S.. 

2,355,106 

Fig.  60. — About  15  per  cent  of  the  acreage  of  apple  tree.s  of  bearing  age  was  in  the 
West  in  1920,  and  nearly  half  of  this  western  acreage  was  in  the  State  of  Washington. 
New  York,  Tennsylvania,  Ohio,  Michigan,  and  Virginia,  however,  exceeded  Washington 
in  acreage.  Most'  of  the  apple  acreage  of  the  Nation  is  found  in  the  Hay  and  I'asture 
Region  from  Maine  to  West  Virginia  and  Michigan,  where  the  climate  is  cool,  but  owing 
either  to  lake  or  mountain  protection,  the  winters  are  moister  and  less  severe  than  in 
the  interior  of  the  continent.  The  southern  limit  of  the  apple  area  extends  only  a 
little  bevond  the  northern  limit  of  cotton,  ^nd  the  western,  or  moisture  limit,  is  about 
that  of  timothy   (see  Figs.  22  and  39), 


Fig.  61. — There  has  been  very  little  planting  of  apple  orchards  in  the  West  in  recent 
years,  the  higher  freight  rates  increasing  the  difficulties  of  competition  with  eastern- 
grown  fruit.  Less  than  9  per  cent  of  the  apple  trees  not  of  bearing  age  were  in  the 
West  in  1920.  Most  of  the  acreage  of  young  trees,  it  will  be  noted  on  the  map,  is  located 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  in  New  York,  in  the  lower  Hudson  Valley,  in  New 
England,  along  the  Appalachians  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  in  the  upper  Ohio 
valley,  along  the  T^ake  Michigan  shore  of  Michigan,  and  in  the  Sonoma  Valley  of 
California.  Trees  not  of  bearing  age  numbered  36  million  In  1920  as  compared  with 
nearly  66  million  in  1910. 


I 


A   Graphic  Suinmm'y  of  American  Agt'icultwre. 


59 


Wi 

■cnoN. 

APPLE  PRODUCTION 
1919 

tACH  DOT  BEPRESE 

APPLE  PRODUCTION: 

iContiniKsJ) 

\*       **       \ 

APPLE  PRODI 

iS— 

50,000  BUSHELS 

rn 

^i^ 

"i 

::-:'^:Sii^ 

— r-rJ 

%mA 

mm 

V>~x           J*"^-"^^ 

ST»TI 

BU5KELJ 

liUbo. 
Colo.. 
M.if. 
Obio.. 
N.  C. 
lowi. 
Kui. 
N.J., 
OUa.. 
Olhtr. 

3.645.640 
3.417.682 
3,187.211 
2.976,4M 
1,938,038 
1,810,443 
1,749,293 
1,666,400 
1,S%,975 
17,604,631 

1919 

STATE 

BUSHELS 

STATE 

BUSHELS 

Wa.h. 
NY.. 

1  Va  .  . . 

;  ciif. . 

'Ark... 

21.568,691 
M,350J17 
8,942.520 
7.842.017 
7.163,619 
6.921,284 

Mich.. 
P.... 

Mo.,, 
Me... 

HI 

W.  Va 

5.843.271 
5.512.795 
5,132.109 
4,829,346 
4.673.117 
4,189,162 

^ 

U.S^ 

136,5«0,997 

Fig.  62. — The  West  produced  one-third  of  the  apples  grown  in  1910  despite  the  fact 
that  it  possessed  only  one-seventh  of  the  acreage  of  bearing  trees.  Washington  led  all 
States  in  production,  with  a  total  almost  equal  to  that  of  New  York  and  Virginia 
combined.  The  three  famous  apple  districts  of  Washington — the  Yakima  Valley,  the 
Wenatchee  Valley,  and  Spokane  Countv — stand  out  clearly  on  the  map ;  also  the  Hood 
Eiver  and  Willamette  Valleys  of  Oregon,  the  Boise,  Idaho,  district,  the  Sonoma  Valley 
in  California,  and  the  Grand  Junction-Del ta-Montrose  district  of  Colorado.  In  the 
East,  the  New  England  area,  the  two  noted  New  York  districts,  the  Appalachian,  the 
western  Michigan,  the  Ozark,  and  the  northwestern  Missouri  districts  are  the  most 
Important. 


Fig.  63. — The  commercial  crop  of  apples  in  1919 — that  is,  the  quantity  "  sold  or  to 
be  sold  " — was  nearly  100  million  bushels,  according  to  the  census,  constituting  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  crop.  The  West  produced  over  two-fifths  of  this  commercial  crop, 
Washington  alone  reporting  over  one-fifth  of  the  total  quantity  in  the  United  States. 
Eighty  per  cent  of  the  commercial  crop  was  produced  in  the  15  apple  districts  already 
referred  to.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  production  of  the  commercial  crop  of  apples  is 
more  concentrated  than  the  total  production,  and  the  total  production  in  turn,  more 
concentrated  than  the  acreage.  Diseases  and  pests  diminish  the  production  or  tu« 
nnsprayed  home  orchards  several  years  before  they  kill  the  trees. 


60 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig.  64. — Three  major  centers  of  peach  acreage  are  shown  on  the  map — the  early 
peach  district  in  central  Georgia,  the  late  peach  district  along  Lake  Ontario  in  New 
York,  and  the  canning  and  dried  peach  districts  in  California.  An  important  peach 
district  is  rapidly  developing  in  Moore  County,  N.  C.  Minor  centers  may  be  noted  in 
southern  New  Jersey,  in  western  Mai-yland  and  adjacent  counties  of  West  Virginia,  along 
the  Michigan  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  in  western  Arkansas,  and  in  northeastern  Texas. 
Cold,  dry  winters  prevent  peaches  b(>ing  grown  to  the  northwest  of  a  line  drawn  from 
Chicago  to  Omaha,  thence  to  Amarillo,  Tex.  The  influence  of  the  (ireat  Lakes  in 
tempering  winter  temperatures  on  their  leeward  shores  and  retarding  growth  in  spring 
till  danger  of  frost  is  past  is  evident  on  the  map. 


PEACH  PRODUCTION,  191S 


STATE 

BUSHELS 

STATE 

BUSHELS 

aiif.. 

15,969,073 

Wash. 

1,544.859 

C. 

4,788,718 

Tern. 

1,285,441 

Tex. 

4,620,679 

Mo... 

1,262,723 

Ark. 

3.340,823 

N.Y.  . 

1,262,480 

2.924,842 

Pa.   .  . 

1,099,735 

1,653,223 

Ala.    . 

1,083,142 

STATE 

BUSHELS 

Uuh.. 

883,950  , 

Miu.  . 

775,885  ' 

721,480 

w.  v.. 

706,411 

V..... 

681,528  i 

Ohio.. 

617  J37 

5HII1 

Oiee.  . 

504,441 

N.C... 

479,218  1 

Giber  . 

3.915.783  1 

Fig.  65. — California  produced  nearly  one-third  of  the  Nation's  crop  of  peaches  in 
1919,  Fresno  County  alone  producing  one-tenth.  Georgia  ranked  second,  with  Texas  a 
close  third.  The  New  York  crop  was  greatly  reduced  by  a  late  freeze,  but  the  New 
Jersey  crop  was  large.  It  is  worth  noting  that  the  production  of  i>eaches  this  year 
did  not  extend  nearly  as  far  to  the  north  and  west  as  the  acreage.  The  Yakima  Valley 
in  Washington,  the  peach  belt  east  of  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Utah,  and  the  Grand  Junction- 
Delta  district  in  Colorado  show  a  production  disproportionate  to  the  acreage.  The 
season  of  1919  was  generally  favorable.  Although  the  number  of  bearing  peach  trees  in  the 
United  States  dropped  from  94  million  in  1910  to  65  million  in  1920,  the  production 
was  40  per  cent  greater  in  1919  than  in  1909. 


A    Graphic  Swnm^ry  of  American  Agi^iculture . 


61 


Fig.  66. — Noarly  half  of  tho  Nation's  acreage  of  plum  and  pruuf  trees  i.s  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  nearly  a  third  is  in  the  five  counties  of  Santa  Clara,  Sonoma,  Placer,  Napa, 
and  Solano.  One-twelfth  more  is  in  Marion,  Polk,  and  Yamhill  counties.  Orop:.  These 
eight  counties  produced  .51  per  cent  of  the  total  crop  in  1910,  and  57  per  cent  of  the 
commercial  crop.  A  smaller  center  may  be  noted  in  Clarke  County,  Wash.,  and  a 
st^-^ttered  acreage  in  the  upper  Willamette  and  Umpqua  Valleys,  Oreg.,  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  and  in  Fresno  County,  Calif.  Prunes  constitute  nearly  tho  entire  pro- 
duction in  these  States.  The  scattered  dots  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States 
are  practically  all  plums. 


Pig.  67. — Two-thirds  of  the  Nation's  acreage  of  grapes  is  in  California.  The  raism 
district  centers  around  Fresno,  where  the  land  is  flat  and  the  sunshine  almost  con- 
tinuous, while  the  wine  grapes  are  grown  mostly  on  the  slopes  ot  the  valleys  that 
open  into  San  Francisco  Bay.  These  wine  grapes  are  now  used  largely  for  raisins. 
A  smaller  center  may  be  noted  in  southern  California  near  San  Bernardino.  In 
the  East  the  principalgrape  district  extends  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Krie  from 
Erie  to  Buffalo.  Minor  centers  may  b(-  seen  in  the  Finger  Lakes  district  of  New  \orK, 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Brie  in  Ohio,  and  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Michigan. 
These  eastern  grapes  are  mostly  consumed  fresh  or  made  into  grape  juice. 


62 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


Fig.  OS. — Citrus  fruits  can  withstand  only  a  few  degrees  of  frost.  About  three-fiftlis 
of  the  acreage  is  in  California  and  nearly  two-fifths  in  Florida.  There  are  a  few  orch- 
ards in  the  Mississippi  Delta  in  Louisiana,  in  the  Brownsville,  Tex.,  district,  and  near 
Phoenix,  Ariz.,  and  recentJy  hardy  Satsuma  orange  trees  have  been  planted  along  tlie 
Gulf  coast  in  eastern  Texas,  southern  Mississippi,  and  Alabama.  Lemons  are  practically 
confined  to  California,  grapefruit  largely  to  Florida,  while  oranges  are  grown  in  both 
States. 

The  principal  pear  districts  are  the  Ontario  shore  counties  and  the  Hudson  Val- 
ley of  New  York,  southwestern  Michigan  along  the  lake,  the  foothills  of  central  and 
southern  California,  western  Oregon,  and  the  Yakima  Valley  of  Washington. 


Fig.  69. — Only  three  kinds  of  nuts  are  produced  on  a  commercial  scale  in  the  United 
States — pecans,  'walnuts,  and  almonds.  The  pecan  is  native  to  the  lower  Mississippi 
Valley,  and  the  largest  acreage  is  found  in  a  belt  which  extends  from  central  Missouri 
across  Oklahoma  to  south-central  Texas.  Recently  extensive  planting  of  i>ecan  trees  has 
taken  place  on  the  coastal  plain  in  Georgia,  the  CaVolinas,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ern Florida.  Almonds  and  walnuts  have  been  introduced  from  the  Mediterranean  region 
and  their  production  is  practically  confined  to  California,  except  for  a  considerable  acre- 
age of  walnuts  in  the  Willamette  Valley  of  Oregon  and  adjoining  counties  in  Washington. 


A   Graphic  Simvmary  of  American  Agricultwre. 


63 


I 


Fig.  70. — The  couunercial  production  of  strawberries  has  become  concentrated  in  un- 
usual degree  in  a  few  centers,  notably,  in  Cumberhind,  Camden,  Burlington,  and  Atlantic 
Counties,  N.  J.  ;  Sussex  County,  Del.  ;  Wicomico,  Worcester,  Caroline,  and  Anne  Arundel 
Counties,  I\Id.  :  in  Hamilton,  Rhea,  Crockett,  Gibson,  Lauderdale,  and  Madison  Coun- 
ties, Tenn.  :  in  Wr.rrcn  County,  Ky.  ;  in  Barry,  Lawrence.  McDonald,  and  Newtou  Coun- 
ties, Mo.,  and  adjacent  counties '  of  Washington  and  Benton  in  Arkansas;  in  White 
County,  Ark.  ;  in  Tangipahoa  Parish,  La.  ;  in  Berrien  County,  Mich. ;  in  Sonoma,  Sacra- 
mento, and  Los  Angeles  Counties,  Calif.  ;  and  in  Hood  River  County,  Oreg.  These  SO 
counties,  out  of  the  3.000  in  the  United  States,  contained  one-third  of  the  Nation's 
acreage   of  strawberries  in   1919. 


1 — 

1-1 

-^ 

7r 

BUSH    FRUITS   AND   CRANBERRIES 

itumnnH  iusp>EniB.  uicaiikui&  KitBiiES.  cmwi^  m  coosEiaiisi 
ACREAGE,  1919 

/ 

■\: 

1    /i^ 

BUSH  FRUITS, 

ACREAGE,  1919 

"^^;^^^^    r 

W^i 

T"^- 

•  •  s 

vMimm 

\^ff 

% 

n — tK 

' — ^l 

V 

•■.■•■•'.jT---'.   \  ■••.!•   .'.••■•r=rc^r^ 

BUSH  FRUm 

(Contuixl) 

-■MJir 

■^ 

=.:'••■.    ■  .V*  wi— — '^— ^-ff^!?^^     ■ 

^1  ^ 

—    1 ,  f       1, 

^--iii. 

T^i^ 

^.-..^.^A 

''■^•'P-v 

STATE 

ACRES 

lod.   .. 
Iowa  . . 
Ky... 
Calif.  . 
Kani.  . 
OkU.  . 
Minn.  . 
W.Va. 
N.C... 
Other. 

4.164 
3,413  1 
3.051  1 
2.962 
2.390 
2.347 
2.240  1 
2,156 
1,913 
13,725 

i   STATE 

ACRES 

STATE 

ACRES 

\                  Jf^              EACH   DOT  REPRESENTS                   \             \ 
X            jr                                     lOO  ACRES                                    >t            1 

'   N.  Y.    . 

1  Mich.  . 
1  N.J... 

Mai... 

Mo.  .  . 

^  III.  .  . . 

15,540 
12,973 
10,345 
8,197 
S,123 
6,230 

Oreg.  . 
Tex.  .  . 
Ohio  .  . 

P« 

Wash. 

wu. .. 

5,651 
5,636 
5,275 
4,672 
4,347 
4,339 

^ 



•'-• 

U.S.. 

129,689 

Fig.  71.— The  centers  of  cranberry  acreage  are  Cape  Cod  Mass.,  southcin  -^'^^  "T*^'/;  >  • 
and  central  Wisconsin— all  districts  of  sandy,  marshy,  acid  soils.  The  ccntcis  or  inisn 
fruit  acreage  are  .southern   New  Jersey:   the   Marlboro  district   in   the  Hudson  _\  alle^\    or 


of  the  large  cities. 
7550°— 22- 


64 


Yearhooh  of  the  Department  of  AgHcultm-e,  1921. 


Fig.  72. — Cattle  in  1920  constituted  the  leading  class  of  live  stock  in  the  United  States 
on  the  basis  of  value.  This  value  was  almost  equally  divided  between  the  dairy  and 
beef  types.  Between  1910  and  1920  the  total  value  of  cattle  in  the  Tnited  States  in- 
creased 143  per  cent,  due  mostly  to  an  increase  in  value  per  head  of  125  per  cent  : 
whereiis  the  value  of  all  horses  decreased  14  per  cent,  due  to  exactly  the  same  decrea^^e 
in  value  per  head.  Cattle  constituted  46  per  cent  of  the  value  of  all  farm  animals, 
horses  and  mules  .32  per  cent,  swine  12  per  cent,  sheep  and  goats  5  per  cent,  and  poultry 
nearly  5  per  cent.  The  swine,  however,  produce  annually  pork  and  lard  having  a  valu'^ 
gi'eater  than  that  of  the  beef  and  veal  from  the  cattle. 


CATTLE 


LIVE    STOCK    ON    FARMS 
NUMBER  AND  VALUE 

TWENTY  LEADING  STATES.  JAN. 1,1920 


SHEEP  &  GOATS      W//////A  SWINE 


D  POULTRY 


STATE 


VALUE 

MILLIONS  OF  DOLLARS 

200  400  600 


IOWA 

TEXAS 

ILLINOIS 

MISSOURI 

NEBRASKA 

KANSAS 

NEW   YORK 

MINNESOTA 

OHIO 

INDIANA 

SO.  DAKOTA 

PENNSYLVANIA 

CALIFORNIA 

OKLAHOMA 

MICHIGAN 

TENNESSEE 

COLORADO 

KENTUCKY 

NO.DAKOTA 

GEORGIA 


Fig.  73. — Iowa  leads  the  States  in  value  of  live  stock  on  farms,  hut  is  exceeded  h.v 
Texas  in  number  of  animal  units.  It  is  noteworthy  that  9  of  the  11  leading  States  in 
value  of  live  stock  are  located  wholly  or  partly  in  the  Corn  Belt.  On  the  other  hand, 
Georgia  is  the  only  State  lying  almost  wholly  in  the  Cotton  Belt  that  is  included  in  this 
list  of  20  leading  live-stock  States.  The  concentration  of  live  stock  in  the  Corn  Belt, 
and  in  the  dairying  centers  of  the  Ilay  and  Pasture  Region  is  shown  in  Figure  107. 
Cattle  and  horses  and  mules,  it  will  be  noted,  constitute  in  the  different  States  from 
six-tenths  to  nine-tenths  of  the  value  of  all  live  stock. 


A   Graphic  Stummary  of  American  Agriculture. 


65 


Fig.  74. — One-1)hird  of  the  hoise.-<  in  the  United  States  are  raised  in  tlie  Corn  Belt, 
one-si.\th  in  the  (ireat  Plains  Region,  one-tenth  in  the  Spring  Wheat  Area,  and  one- 
twelfth  in  the  Kansas-Oklahoma  section  of  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region.  These 
are  the  regions  of  surplus  grain  and  cheap  forage.  Comparatively  few  horses  are  raised 
in  the  Cotton  Belt,  or  the  Central  and  North  Atlantic  States,  because  these  are  regions 
of  deficient  grain  production  and  feed  must  be  shipped  in  at  heavy  expense.  It  is  more 
economical  to  ship  the  mature  horses  into  these  deficiency  regions  than  to  ship  the  grain 
to  grow  them.     (See  Figs.  11,  12.  27,  32,  33,  36,  and  41.) 


MULE  COLTS,  JAN.  I,  1920 


j  STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

i  Mo.  .  . 

133,590 

Iowa  .  . 

30,315 

85,930 

Nebr.  . 

30,204 

Okl..  . 

71.502 

Ark.  .  . 

30,019 

Te..  .  . 

71,415 

InJ.  .  . 

28.196 

Tenn. . 

64,571 

Miu... 

19.245 

¥.,.... 

47.140 

Clif.  . 

10.958 

STATE 

NUMBER 

N.C... 

10,357 

A1.. .  . 

10,300 

v.. . .  . 

8,788 

Colo.   . 

8,002  , 

U. ... 

7.768 

C... 

6,550 

Ohio.. 

6,131  1 

P..  . . . 

5.69S  , 

S.  C. . . 

4.452 

Other. 

89,569 

u.  s. . . 

780.697 

Fig.  75. — Two-thirds  of  the  mules  are  raised  in  the  western  section  of  the  Corn  and 
Winter  Wheat  Region  and  the  southern  portion  of  the  Corn  Belt,  the  centers  of 
production  being  about  300  miles  south  of  the  centers  of  horse  production.  This  may 
be  due  in  part  to  the  adaptation  of  the  mule  to  warmer  temperature  than  the  horse, 
but  also  in  part  to  the  shorter  distance  and  smaller  cost  of  transportation  to  the  Cotton 
Belt,  where  most  of  the  mules  are  sent  (see  Fig.  77).  Formerly  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee were  the  leading  States  in  mule  production,  but  now  a  much  greater  number  are 
raised  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Oklahoma,  where  feed  is  cheaper. 


66 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Pig.  76. — Over  one-quarter  of  the  mature  horses  (2  years  old  and  over)  in  the 
United  States  are  in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  over  three-quarters  are  in  the  humid  eastern 
half  of  the  country.  The  small  number  of  horses  in  the  Cotton  Belt  and  the  eastern 
sections  of  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region  is  owing  in  large  measure  to  the  pref- 
erence for  mules  as  work  animals  in  these  regions  (see  Fig.  77).  The  acres  of  crops 
per  mature  horse  and  mule  in  the  Cotton  Belt  (17  acres)  is  practically  the  same  as  in  the 
Corn  Belt  (18  acres),  or  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  (16  acres).  The  numlxT  of 
horses  in  cities  and  villages  ("not  on  farms  or  ranges")  was  1,705,611  on  January  1, 
1920,  or  about  one-tenth  the  number  of  mature  horses  on  farms. 


A   Graphic  Smnmarij  of  American  Agrimdtv/re. 


67 


.  .-Si  :  ■  .  : 


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Fig.  77. — About  flve-sixths  of  the  mature  mules  (2  years  old  aiul  over)  in  the  United 
States  are  in  the  Cotton  Belt  and  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Rej;ion.  In  the  eastern 
Cotton  Belt  (east  of  Texas  and  Louisiana),  where  negro  farmers  are  most  numerous 
(See  Figs.  116  and  117),  there  are  twice  as  many  mature  mules  as  horses.  The  popularity 
of  mules  is  also  increasing  in  the  North  and  West.  Whereas  the  number  of  horses 
over  1  year  of  age  on  farms  in  the  United  States  was  only  «  per  cent  greater  in  1  !)•_'<» 
than  in  1910,  the  number  of  mules  increased  33  per  cent."  This  rate  of  increase  was 
almost  as  great  in  the  North  as  in  the  South.  Mules,  it  will  be  noted,  are  used  on 
farms  in  every  State  of  the  Union. 


68 


Yearbook  of  the  DepartTnent  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


r- 

~7 

PURE 

BRED  CARRIAGE   AND   SADDLE 
NUMBER  ON    FARMS.   JAN.  1,  192 

HORSES 

EACH  DOT   REPRESENTS 
rX                            10  HEAD 

r 

'Xi 

PURE  BRED  CARRIAC 
SADDLE  HORSES, 

3 

•    1                     V     ^^^Zvt, 

CARRIAGE  AND 
SADDLE  HORSES 

(Continued) 

r  •  •  .  -"^ 

teM 

S 

.  ■•"/•\'i^^^':V:  ■■•SSS 

■  ;■  "^Sif 

FpC/ 

EAND              \                  •     .           .     •    ).    .'— ^.JjiV*,""^"'\ 

STATE 

NUMBER 

1920 

\         •.     jV'L-^Xs.^-j^'                           \  '    \ 

Calif.  . 
Ma>s.  . 
Mont  . 
Ala.  .  . 
Colo  .  . 
Tenn.  . 
Other . 

206 
162 
133 
133 
132 
119 
1,705 

STATE 

Humu 

STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMfiLR 

\f              \J 

m... 

V... 
Mo.. 

1,9«7 
990 
687 

Okl.. 

kid.. 

Pa  .. 
Tex  . 
Md.. 

442 
417 
378 
378 
320 

N.  Y. 
lows. 
Ohio. 
Mich. 
Nebr. 

317 
295 
286 
233 
233 

477 

tf 

^' 

U.S.. 

10,542 

Fig.  78. — The  number  of  pure-bred  horses  of  saddle  and  carriage  breeds  in  the  United 
States  was  only  about  one-ninth  the  number  of  those  of  draft  breeds  in  1920.  The  rela- 
tively large  number  of  these  saddle  and  carriage  horses  in  Kentucky  and  adjacent  por- 
tions of  Illinois  and  Indiana,  also  in  "Virginia  and  Maryland,  is  noteworthy.  These  are 
areas  famous  in  song  and  story  for  their  fine  horses,  and  despite  the  decline  of 
horse  racing  as  a  sport,  and  the  decreased  use  of  horses  for  riding  and  di-iving,  breeders 
and  horse  fanciers  in  these  States  retain  a  large  number  of  pure-bred  saddle  and  carriage 
horses.     Probably  only  a  small  number,  however,  are  used  for  breeding. 


w 

^ 

;r 

PURE   BRED   DRAFT   MORS 
NUMBER  ON    FARMS    JAN    1 

ES 
1920 

EACH 

DOT  REPRESEN 
10  HEAD 

[ 

TS 

A 

=^ 

1 
DRAH  HORSES 

TJA 

STATE 

NUMBER 

PURE  BRED  DRAH  HORSES,  1920 

— Lr- 

Pa  ... 
Mich   . 
Okla.. 
Colo.. 
N.  Y.. 
Idaho  . 

h : 

V/a.h. 
Other . 

.    2,601 
2,341 
2,054 
1,622 
1,575 
1,490 
1,285 
1,079 
1,042 
5,533 

STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

miMBEIl 

^^jy~^ 

Iowa   . 

lU... 

Kwu.. 
1  Ohio.  . 
BN.Dak 
PN.br.. 

13,676 
13,128 
7,391 
6,471 
5,299 
5,098 

S.  Dak 
Ind .  .  . 
Minn  . 
Mont  . 
Mo... 
Wi.  .. 

4.959 
4,491 
4,093 
3.307 
2.921 
2,824 

JF 

U.S.. 

94,280 

Fig.  79. — About  half  the  pure-bred  draft  horses  in  the  United  States  are  in  the  Corn 
Belt,  and  most  of  the  other  half  are  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture,  Spring  Wheat,  and  Great 
Plain.s  Regions.  Very  few  are  found  in  the  South  or  Southwest.  In  California,  Oregon, 
Washington,  and  Idaho,  however,  pure-bred  draft  horses  relative  to  the  total  number 
of  horses  are  almost  as  common  as  in  the  Corn  Belt.  Three-fourths  of  the  pure-bred 
draft  horses  In  the  United  States  are  Percherons,  10  per  cent  are  Belgians,  5  per  cent  are 
Shires,  and  4  per  cent  are  Clydesdales,  other  breeds  constituting  the  remainder. 


A   Graphic  Sv/mmarr/  of  American  Agriculture. 


69 


li^iSs'llf^^jiaiJ^J^s^ 


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UJ 

(/) 

UI  o 

a.  «* 

£  w ' 

UJ  X 

cr  o 

Q  in 


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Z 

0 

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I- 


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D 
Z 


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i 


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SSR«S.S.SSS 


E  1^  <2  ^«  3  »  X  £  .S 


aSJrlS-i.-e^J 


<     -  ;-£  ^  s  a 


Fig.  80. — Cattle  are  more  evenly  distributed  over  the  United  btates  than  any  other 
kind  of  live  stock.  The  densest  area  is  in  Iowa,  northern  Missouri,  eastern  JNebrasKa. 
southern  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  and  northwestern  Illinois.  On  January  i,  •IJ'^". 
there  were  about  14  million  cattle  in  the  Corn  Belt,  or  60  to  the  square  mile,  i- 
million  in  the  Hav  and  Pasture  Region,  whi-h  is  36  to  the  square  mile  :  10  million  la 
the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region,  which  !.■<  32  to  the  square^mile;  9  million  In  the 
Cotton  Belt,  or  21  to  the  square  mile;  and  9i  million  in  the  Great  Plains  H'^S'on,  or 
alx)ut  20  to  the  square  mile.  The  seven  other  regions  had  about  14  million  cattle  an 
average  of  11  to  the  square  mile.  In  Iowa  there  were  82  cattle  to  the  square  miit.. 
(See  Figs.  11,  27,  and  38.) 


70 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig.  81. — Beef  cattle  constitute  slightly  over  half  the  total  number  of  cattle  in  the  , 
United  States,  but  slightly  less  than  half  the  value.  Over  8  million  beef  cattle  (includ- 
ing calvfs)  are  in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  as  many  more  in  the  Great  Plains  Region,  the.se 
two  regions  having  nearly  half  the  beef  cattle  in  the  country.  A  large  number  of  beef 
cattle  will  also  be  noted  in  the  Subtropical  Coast  and  southern  portion  of  the.  Cotton 
Belt,  in  the  Appalachian  valleys,  in  eastern  Kansas,  in  the  mountain  parks  and  viilleys 
of  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Idaho,  on  the  plateaus  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  and  south- 
eastern Arizona,  and  in  California.  Over  40  per  cent  of  the  beef  cattle  are  in  the  west- 
ern half  of  the  United  States.  (See  Figs.  12,  27,  and  42.)  The  corner  table  gives  figures 
of  beef  cattle  and  of  calves  on  farms  only  ;  there  were  890^963  in  cities  and  villages. 


A    Graphic  Summary  of  American   Agriculture. 


71 


Fw.  82. — Nearly  half  the  dairy  cattle  iu  the  United  States  are  io  the  Hay  and  Pas- 
ture Region  and  the  adjacent  northern  and  eastern  margin  of  the  Corn  Belt.  Other 
dense  areas  will  be  noted  in  southeastern  Pennsylvania,  which  is  really  Corn  Belt 
country,  and  iu  the  valleys  of  the  North  and  South  Pacific  ie>rious.  In  the  (  otton  Belt, 
especially  the  northern  portion,  dairy  cattle  are  more  numerous  than  beef  cattle,  but 
in  the  Great  Plains,  Rocky  Mountain,  and  Arid  Intermountain  Regions  they  are  much 
less  numerous.  Nine-tenths  of  the  dairy  cattle  are  in  the  East.  The  dairy  cattle  In 
cities  and  villages  ("not  on  farms  and  ranges")  number  1,1.'-'(),.")G4,  which  i.s  less  than 
4  per  cent  of  all  dairy  cattle  and  calves  in  the  United  States.     (See  Figs.  25,  40,  and  85.) 


Yearhooh  of  the  Department  of  AgHculture^  1921. 


-- 

TT- 

PURE   BRED   BEEF  CATTLE 
..„.^___N  UMBER   ON   FARMS    JAN    1    1920 

DOT 
200 

I 

REPRESEN 
MEAD 

r\. 

?Vftl  BRED  BEEF  CATTLE 

[-        \  ' 

BEEF  CATTIE 

(Continued) 

^r-Q 

^V       VK 

STATE 

NUMBER 

Ohio.. 
WU... 
Mont.  . 
N.Mu 

Wyo.. 

Mick.. 
Idaho. 
Tom. . 
C«Iif.. 
Olhtr. 

25,502 
22,610 
19,543 
17.400 
16,459 
16,267 
15,238 
13.319 
13.244 
114,367 

j  STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

Iowa .  . 
Teic... 
Mo  ... 
lOuu.  . 
Niibr.. 

ni.... 

151,359 
89,743 
83.902 
80,665 
74.174 
7],S84 

S.  Dak 
Minn.  . 
Okia  .  . 
Ind  .  .  . 
N.  Dak 
Colo.. 

57.100 
56,028 
38,713 
29,509 
29,024 
27,162 

if 

U.S.. 

1JI£4,912  { 

Fig.  83. — The  number  of  registered  pure-bred  beef  cattle  i.s  more  concentrated  geo- 
graphically than  that  of  all  beef  cattle,  Iowa  alone  has  one-seventh  of  the  entire  num- 
ber in  the  United  States.  Fiv.e  per  cent  of  the  beef  cattle  in  Iowa  are  registered.  The 
prairie  and  plains  portion  of  the  United  States  (see  "tall  grass"  and  "short  grass" 
of  Fig.  7)  has  nearly  four-fifths  of  the  pure-bred  beef  cattle  in  the  country.  About  two- 
flfths  of  the  registered  beef  cattle  are  Shorthorns — nearly  one-half  if  Polled  Durham 
be  included — and  nearly  two-fifths  more  are  Herefords.  Aberdeen-Angus  constitute  about 
one-tenth  of  the  total  number.  Iowa  leads  the  States  by  a  wide  margin  in  numter  of 
Shorthorns  and  Aberdeen-Angus,  while  Texas  leads  in  number  of  Herefords. 


It':---' 

:-r 

^ 

PURE   BRED  DAIR 
..IVJUMBER  ON    FARMS. 

(   CATTLE 
JAN.  1.  19. 

EACH 

DOT  REPRESEN 
200  HEAD 

"  1 

■\. 

P«RE  BRED  DAIRY  CATTIE 

SlCT 

DAIRY  CATTLE 

(Continued) 

rr"^":— ^— i              \ 

Wt~^ 

-iu'^M 

^            q         J 

/ 

V    /~-\.                     «.x^-~~*^      v" 

STATE 

NUMBER 

Mo 
Mau 

Kan> 

Me 

Ore, 

Tenn.  . 
N.H.. 
Other . 

19,037 
18,807 
17,058 
•    15,683 
12,852 
12,720 
11,538 
11,347 
10,750 
144.714 

STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

N.  V  . 
W»... 
!>•.... 
Ohio.. 
Mich.. 

153,037 
114,917 
7S,I«9 
70,882 
46,533 
36.412 

Miiu>.. 

Vt 

Te«. .  . 
ind  .  .  . 

gji*!! 

32,668 
28,549 
23,364 
21,115 
20.286 
19,144 

U.S.. 

916.602 

Fig.  84. — Sixty  per  cent  of  the  registered  pure-bred  dairy  cattle  are  concentrated  in 
the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region.  About  5  per  cent  of  the  dairy  cattle  in  this  region  are 
registered.  New  York  has  one-sixth  of  the  registered  dairy  cattle  in  the  United  States, 
and  WiscoflSin  has  one-eighth.  Much  smaller  numbers  mav  be  noted  in  the  valleys  of 
California  and  of  western  Oregon  and  Washington.  About  58  per  cent  of  the  registered 
dairy  cattle  in  the  United  States  are  Hoistein-Frlesians,  25  per  cent  are  .Terseys,  9  per 
cent  are  (iuernst>ys,  3  per  cent  are  Avrshires,  and  1  per  cent  Brown  Swiss,  the  re- 
mainder being  unspecified. 


A   Graphic  Smnmary  of  American  Agricultwre. 


73 


Fig.  85. — This  map  shows  the  commercial  dairying  districts.  The  concentration  in 
the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  is  much  greater  than  that  of  dairy  cattle  (big.  HZ). 
Commercial  dairy  centers  mav  also  be  noted  near  the  large  cities  outsid(>  this  region, 
notably  Philadelphia,  Baltimore.  Washington,  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  bt.  Louis,  Kan- 
sas City,  Los  Angeles,  and  San  Francisco.  These,  as  also  the  centers  adjoining  .New 
York  City,  Boston,  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  and  Detroit,  represent  market  milk  mostly ; 
while  the  larger  districts  in  central  and  northern  New  York,  m  \\iscousin,  and  in 
Minnesota  represent  milk  and  butter  fat  sold  to  creameries  and  cheese  factories  largely 
(see  Figs.  86,  87,  and  88).  The  value  of  dairy  products  consumed  on  the  farm  is  esti- 
mated by  the  census  at  about  $240,000,000. 


74 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AgHculture,  1921. 


Fig.   86. — Butter  made  on   farms   in    1919    constituted   43   per    cent   of   the   total    pro- 
duction of  1,646,171,874  pounds  reported  by  the   census.     The  areas   of  densest  produc- 
tion of  farm  butter, 
Pennsylvania  to 

ern  Tennessee;  t^v,  ^t^i^v  i   ^^^^  „.,..    .. ,    .-^    ■■■ — ^--   ^ -  , 

nessee ;  and  the  northeastern  portion  of  Texas.  It  is  notahle  how  little  Dutter  is 
made  on  farms  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  where  the  factory  «.v*^f<'i»  i^  well  tl^^'^'^oP,^^- 
Over  half  of  the  farms  in  the  United  States  made  butter  in  1919  but  less  than  one- 
third  of  the  butter  made  was  sold.  Most  of  this  farm  butter  sold  was  consumed  in 
the  locality  where  it  was  produced. 


(46,171,874  pounds  reported  by  the  census.  The  areas  or  oensesr  piouuc- 
3utter,  it  will  be  noted,  are  the  Piedmont  Plateau,  extending  from  eastern 
to  Alabama  ;  the  Tennessee  River  Valley  of  northern  Alabama  and  ^st- 
! ;  the  upper  Ohio  River  basin  ;   the  western  portion  of  Kentucky  and   ien- 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American   Agricultwre.  75 


s  — 


~  CM 

LlI  O) 

Q  — 

< 


..^ 


iE».2ot3zg5!lg 


Fig.  87. — Most  of  the  factory  butter  is  made  in  the  Hav  aiul  Tasture  Region,  espe- 
cially the  western  portion,  in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  in  the  Pacitic  Coast  Rejcions.  The 
spotted  character  of  the  map,  especially  in  the  Corn  Belt,  indicates  the  concentration 
of  butter  making  in  a  relatively  few  cities  to  which  the  cream  or  butter  fat  is  shipped 
from  the  farms.  Whereas  only  half  as  much  butter  was  sold  by  the  farmers  of  the 
United  States  in  1919  as  in  1909,  the  amount  of  butter  fat  Sf)ld  increased  74  per  cent 
and  of  cream  sold  50  per  cent.  The  figures  used  in  preparing  this  map  were  com- 
piled from  reports  received  by  the  Dairy  and  Poultry  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  .Vgri- 
cultural  Economics.  Returns  "received  since  the  map  was  prepared  increase  the  total  for 
the  United  States  to  1,055,000,000  pounds. 


76 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


;,.  toVo  — I  ractically  all  tlie  cheese  is  now  made  in  factories,  only  6,000,000  pounds 
in  1919,  or  less  than  2  per  cent  of  the  total  production  of  the  United  States,  bein^ 
made  on  farms  About  two-thirds  of  the  cheese  is  made  in  Wisconsin  and  half  of  the 
remainder  m  New  lork.  Cheese  production  has  developed  in  those  parts  of  Wisconsin 
t??„i"^*^^  ^  •  ^^ving  less  than  150'  days  in  the  growing  season,  except  along  the  lake 
snores,  and  m  the  central,  sandy  portion  of  Wisconsin,  which  has  poor  pastures.  The 
snort,  cool  season  favors  summer  pasture  and  cheese  production,  just  as  silage,  winter 
aairying  butter  making,  skim  milk,  hogs,  and  corn  complete  the  economic  cycle  in  the 
•warmer  belt  to  the  south.  The  figures  were  compiled  from  reports  received  by  the  Dairy 
and  Poultry  Division,  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics. 


A   Graphic  Summary  of  American  Agriculture. 


FtG.  89. — Over  two-fifths  of  the  hogs  and  pigs  in  the  United  States  are  in  the  Cora 
Belt,  nearly  one-flfth  are  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  and  nearly  another  fifth  in  the  Corn  and 
Winter  Wheat  Re^on.  In  1919  there  were,  on  the  average,  106  swine  per  square  mile 
in  the  Corn  Belt,  27  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  32  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region. 
17  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region,  and  about  4  per  square  mile  in  the  remainder  of 
the  United  States.  Just  as  the  cool  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  finds  the  best  outlet  for 
its  crops  in  feeding  dairy  cows,  so  the  warm,  rich  Corn  Pelt  finds  the  growing  of  eura 
and  feeding  of  beef  cattle  and  hogs  its  most  profitable  system  of  farming  (see  Figs. 
27  and  81).  Swine  in  cities  and  villages  numbered  2,038,389,  which  is  about  4  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  in  the  United  States. 


V 


78 


Yearbooh  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1921. 


|STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

'lo„». 

289,042 

Ohio. 

96,908 

III.  .  . 

215,965 

S.Dak 

91.853 

Ind.   . 

159,696 

Tex.. 

70,853 

Mo... 

148,811 

Kan.. 

65.870 

Nebr. 

112,502 

Okla. 

53,888 

Minn. 

99,443 

Wi..  . 

52,237 

47,571 
46,760 
46,006 
42,923 
35,741 
34,775 
33,619 
33,527 
32,397 
239,513 


Fig.  90. — Nearly  60  per  cent  of  the  registered  pure-bred  hogs  and  pig.s  are  in  the 
Corn  Belt.  About  one-seventh,  as  with  pure-bred  beef  cattle,  are  in  Iowa.  Nearly 
5  per  cent  of  the  swine  in  the  Corn  Belt  are  registered,  and  3  per  cent  in  the  remainder 
of  the  United  States.  Duroc-Jer.sey  hogs  constitute  40  per  cent  of  the  registered  swine 
in  the  United  States,  Poland-China  35  per  cent,  Chester-White  9  per  cent,  Hampshire 
5  per  cent,  Berkshire  4  per  cent,  other  breeds  and  unspecified  7  per  cent.  Iowa  leads 
all  States  in  number  of  pure-bred  Duroc-Jersey,  Poland-China,  Chester-White,  Hampshire 
and  Tamworth  ;  Indiana  in  number  of  spotted  Poland-China  ;  Pennsylvania  in  Berkshires ; 
Kansas  in  Essex  ;  and  Minnesota  iii  Yorkshires, 


Fig.  91. — Registered  pure-bred  sheep  and  lambs  are  more  evenly  diffused  geograph- 
ically than  pure-bred  cattle  or  swine.  A  few  breeders  remain  in  tjie  old  centers  of 
production  in  Vermont  and  New  York  ;  many  more  pure-bred  'sheep  may  be  noted  in  the 
more  recent  production  areas  of  Ohio,  southwestern  Pennsylvania  and  southern  Michi- 
gan ;  but  the  greatest  number  is  now  found  in  the  West,  Idaho  leading  the  States  with 
nearly  50,000  registered  animals.  Shropshires  constitute  27  per  cent  of  all  registered 
sheep  In  the  United  States,  Rombouillet  23  per  cent,  Merino  14  per  cent,  Hampshire 
11  per  cent,  other  breeds  and  unspecified  25  per  cent.  The  Cotton  Belt  is  the  only 
region  in  which  there  are  practically  no  pure-bred  sheep. 


A   Graphic  Svimmarj/  of  American  Agriculture. 


79 


aa  SSSisnisSsiiSi^SR.S  5 


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Q 
Z 
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< 

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FIG.  92.— Over  60  per  cent  of  the  sheep  and  lambs  a^f  »"  t^,%^ft^;^".^"\^,.^'J,^d 
United  States,  largely  because  sheep  can  graze  on  more  and  lands  than  f,  ^  «J^'^ Lf^'^ 
of  domesticated  animal,  and  also  are  le^s  subject  to  disease  in  f^^  *  ;»"  i°  ^^^^^^^^^^ 
climates.  The  dense  spots  shown  in  the  West  are  owing  J"  P"t  to  the  d^^'  .^^  ^num'  ra 
tion  January  1,  when  many  sheep  are  l)eing  fed  in  the  irrigated  distiuts  ano  in 
pkrt  of  the  «uimeration  of  sheep 'in  that  county  in  ,«;>»c^^t'r,,,S;^'L*i';,/:;';i' r,Vr  the 
though  the  bands  of  sheep  be  roaming  over  distant  destn-ts  The  follow mg  ^u>^^^^^^ 
•larnfl  sheen  mav  Taze  on  the  alpine  meadows  of  the  national  forehts  an  iitiiuiu'«i  m  ' rj* 
o?  more  away  The  dense  centers  in  the  East,  however,  represent  sheep  on  farms  within 
the  counties  indicated. 
7550°— 22 6 


80  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  19^1. 


^ 

r^ 

GOATS    AND 

(ON     FARMS     AND     R 

■-.>,__^JUMBER    JAN. 

KIDS 

ANGES) 

1,     1920 

EACH  DOT  RCPBESENTS 
5.000  HEAD 

r\ 

NUMBER  OF  COATS  AND  KIDS  JAN.  1,1920 

'^FC 

J-rr^^^l         ■>} 

-p_[       Y 

.        ^ 

/              1            \ 

ft 

A-— 

:■:  ••••;•.           ^"^^^T"^ 

COATS  AND  KIDS   , 

(Conliaucd) 

STATE 

NUMBER    1 

FI»... 
Okla.. 
Ky.  .. 
S.C.  . 
Utah. 
Colo. . 
N.C. 
Iowa  . 
ill... 
Other 

45,890 
45,825 
35,045  1 
31,774 
29,512 
28,688 
23,912 
10,526 
9,977 
70.031 

STATE 

NUMBER 

.STATE 

NUMBER 

Te«... 

N.Mm 
Ariz... 
Oreg.  . 
Ark.  .  . 
Mo.  .  . 

1,753.112 
226,862 
161.124 
133,685 
123,800 

.121,012 

C.iif.  . 
Miss... 
Ga.... 
Al..  .  . 

La 

Tenn.  . 

115,759 
113.277 
110,489 
104,148 
91,249 
73,228 

U.S.. 

3,438,925 

Fig.  93.^0ver  half  of  the  goats  in  the  United  States  are  in  Texas — nearly  all  on  the 
Edwards  Plateau.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  (see  Figs.  81  and  92)  are  grazed  on  the 
same  land  in  this  district,  the  cattle  pasturing  on  the  grass,  the  goats  browsing  the 
oak  scrub  and  other  brush,  retarding  its  advance  upon  the  grass  land,  while  the  sheep 
eat  the  weeds  as  well  as  the  grass  and  brush.  In  the  South  and  in  western  Oregon  the 
goats  are  used  in  large  numbers  in  clearing  up  cut-over  land.  In  Texas  and  Oregon  the 
goats  are  mostly  Angoras,  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  Angoras  predominate,  but  other 
brei'ds  are  common,  while  in  the  South  practically  none  of  the  goats  are  raised  for 
their  fleece. 


7r 

W 

/     / 

OOL    AND    MOHAIF?    PRODUCED 

VALUE.    1919                                ""  "^soT"'"'' 

VALUE  OF  WOOL  AND  MOHAIR 

mma  m  fmus  durwc  1919 

zTl 

■   ^"^""^y^ 

^_                                  CROSSES                                 /                '2 

~u 

w  \ 

-      Vi>i 

V-  zr^ 

WOOL  AND 
MOHAIR-CmI.     ' 

.^' 

STATE 

DOLLARS 

N.y .  . . 

S.Dd.. 
bd  . . . 
Wul... 
P..... 
Ill  .... 
N.T  .. 

»3,785,9M ' 
3,010,IIM 
2,761.2(5  { 
2,322,127 
'  2,258,739 
2,239,021 
2,219,526 
1,977,598 
1,775,211 
13,979  jS8 

I  1  STATE 

DOLLARS 

STATE 

DOLLARS 

1    T«.. 
Mont  . 
Ohio.. 
Wyo.. 
Maho. 
0«g  . 

$10,421,524 
10.231,133 
10,075,214 
9,574.466 
8,753,178 
8.230.902 

CJif.  . 
Utah    . 
Colo.. 

Mich  . 
Mo... 
N.Mex 

$6,805,621 
5,787,419 
4,888,684 
4.623.778 
4,217,400 
4,088,528 

u.  s.  .^ 

12fOM,85» 

Fig.  94. — The  farm  value  of  the  wool  produced  in  the  United  States  in  1919  was  about 
120  million  dollars,  and  of  the  mohaii-  about  three  and  a  half  million.  Texas  led  the 
States  in  value  of  wool  and  mohair  produced,  but  as  the  value  of  the  mohair  amounted 
to  $2,673,275,  the  value  of  the  wool  produced  in  Texas  was  less  than  in  Montana,  Ohio, 
Wyoming,  Idaho,  or  Oregon.  Thp  average  value  of  the  wool  produced  in  1919  per  mature 
sheep  January  1,  1920,  was  $6.43  in  Ohio,  $6.50  in  Montana,  $5.53  in  Oregon,  and 
about  $4  in  Texas ;  while  the  value  of  mohair  in  Texas  per  mature  goat  raised  for  the. 
fleece  was  $2.40.     The  price  of  wool  in  1919  was  about  three  times  the  pre-war  price. 


I 


1 


A    Graphic  Siummary  of  American  Agriculture, 


81 


ii 

|55!-B!-BIP-I!-P3^!I 

1 

1 

2,874,721 
2,534,371 
2.500,123 
2.055,120 
1,654,771 
1,554,896 
1.455.193 
1.403.284 
1.120.393 
954.695 
948.656 
799.797 
771.233 
713.937 
620.734 
495,065 
253,607 
155,197 

1 

e 

miiiiiU^^is^k 

s 

11 

440,522 
326,516 
356,642 
348.327 
279,882 
152.148 
285.644 
246.872 
66,871 
252,190 

1 

6,955,132 
6,641,572 
6,342,204 
5,918,429 
4,328,567 
4,027,510 
3,954,365 
3,763,910 
3,547,604 
3,436,376 

S 

if 

267,216 
481,656 
477,592 
269,419 
542,633 
384,535 
344,668 
426,188 
434,774 
399,370 

1 

5 

11,495,057 
11,353,647 
11,137,259 
10,913,645 
10.477,598 
10.426,648 
10.414,600 
7,860,488 
7,393,161 
7.221,788 

S 

ij 

606.005 
743,915 
726,530 
371,466 
961,380 
378,793 
393,283 
723,493 
450,624 
316,986 

i 

27.746,510 
25.120,643 
24.883.985 
20J32.637 
18.062,744 
16.919.248 
16.754.293 
14.503.468 
13,212,619 
1I.6I5;CS7 

r 

UiUhAi 

FIG.  95.— Half  of  the  poultry  in   the  United   States  are  m  the  Corn  Eo  t  uoun.l 

Its  margin,   where  feed  is   cheap.     But  the  two  most  notable   districts  «*  P'^ortuction  aie 
the    counties    in    southeastern    Pennsylvan  a,    near    Philadelphia,    «°d  .  ^^o»°^«    '  ""^^^^^^^^ 
Calif.,   especially   the   district  around   Petaluma.      Si^,  counties  in   southeast.nn    I  um.^^^^^^ 
vania   had   nearly  5   million   poultry   on   January   1,.  1920,   or  4,000   to   the   ''q^'^re   n"';  ; 
while    in    Sonomi    County    there    were    over    3    million    poultry,    ^Y..l,.rp.    rnnntv^^CaHf 
chickens    amounting    to   over    12    million    dollars    in    1919-„,.Los    Angeles    Count>alif 
had    1,350,000    poultry.      The    California    cities    are    supplied    large  y    from    tiuse    two 
counties;  but  the  eastern  cities  draw  their  supplies  from  a  much  wider  teriitory. 


82 


Yearhooh  of  the  Departrrient  of  AgnciiUure,  1921. 


Flu.  96. — Two  areas  of  dense  distribution  of  bees  stand  out  on  the  map,  tbe  southern 
Appalachians  and  southern  California.  The  southern  Appalachian  area,  extending  from 
eastern  Kentucky  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  had  about  600,000  colonies  ju 
1919  and  produced  about  7,000,000  pounds  of  honey ;  whereas  California,  with  only 
181,000  colonies,  produced  5,500,000  pounds,  or  almost  three  times  as  much  per  colony. 
Texas  also  produced  over  5,000,000  pounds  of  honey  In  1919.  The  irrigated  districts 
in  the  West,  where  fruit  and  alfalfa  furnish  many  flowers,  show  distinctly  on  the  map 
Districts  having  large  numbers  of  bees  may  also  be  noted  in  New  York  State,  along  tl 
Ohio  River,  and  in  southern  Illinois. 


A   Graphic  SiOmmary  of  American  Agricmltwre. 


83 


Fig.  97. — This  map,  .showing  the  distribution  of  farms,  might  also  serve  as  a  map 
of  farm  population.  The  densest  areas  are  southeastern  Pennsylvania,  the  upper 
Piedmont  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  eastern,  central,  and  western  Tennessee,  tlie 
Ohio  Valley,  and  the  Yazoo  Delta  in  Mississippi.  Over  half  the  farms  in  the  United 
States  are  in  the  Cotton  Belt  and  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region.  Many  of  the 
tenant  farms  on  the  plantations  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  however,  are  little  more  than 
laborers'  allotments.  The  Corn  Belt,  although  it  includes  over  one-third  the  value  of 
farm  property  in  the  United  States,  has  only  one-seventh  of  the  farms.  Nine-tenths  of 
the  farms  are  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States.  The  relative  density  of  farm 
population  in  the  South  is  even  greater  than  that  of  farms.     (See  Figs.  104  and  118.) 


84 


Yearhook  of  the  Deparfnnent  of  Agric%ilture^  19M. 


Figs.  98  to  101. — The  typical  negi-o  tenant  farm.s  are  from  30  to  50  acres  in  size, 
of  which  about  half  is  in  cotton.  Many  white  farmers  also  have  small  farms,  both 
in  the  Cotton  Belt  and  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region.  Farms  of  50  to  100 
acres  are  characteristic  of  the  white  cotton  farmers  in  the  upper  Piedmont  of  the  Caro- 
linas  and  Georgia  and  the  Black  Prairie  of  Texas ;  also  of  the  fair  to  good  soils  of 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Michigan.  On  the  richer  lands  of  the  Corn  Belt  farms 
of  100  to  260  acres  prevail.  Large  farms  in  area — over  260  acres — are  found  in  the 
Great  Plains  and  Spring  Wheat  regions.  A  two-section  "  dry  farm  "  in  the  Great  Plains 
Region,  however,  is  no  larger  in  productivity  than  a  quarter-section  farm  in  the 
Corn  Belt  (see  Fig.  103). 


i 


A   Graphic  Swnmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


85 


Fig.  102. — Improved  land  is  a  better  criterion  of  the  real  size  of  a  farm  than  its 
total  area.  The  Cotton  Belt  stands  out  clearly,  with  the  farms  in  most  of  the  area 
averaging  less  than  40  acres.  The  same  small  acreage  per  farm  is  found  in  casti-ru 
New  England,  where  trucking  and  dairying  dominate,  and  in  the  upper  Lakes  area, 
where  farms  are  only  partially  reclaimed  from  the  forest.  At  tlie  other  extn-nie.  uuicl* 
of  the  Great  Plains  and  most  of  the  Spiing  Wheat  Area  average  over  L'OO  acres  per  farm. 
The  sharp  gradation  zone  extending  from  northwestern  Minnesota  to  Indiana,  thence 
to  central  Texas,  marks  the  eastern  margin  of  the  prairies  (.see  Fig.  7).  I'rairie  farms 
were  more  easily  and  quickly  made  than  forest  farms,  and  have  remained  larger,  (bee 
Fig.   lll.> 


86 


Yearbooh  of  the  Defmtment  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig.  103. — The  Corn  Belt  is  conspicuous  on  this  map,  average  land  values  in  central 
Illinois  and  northwestern  Iowa  having  risen  to  over  $250  an  acre  in  1919.  There  has 
been  a  decline  since.  The  irrigated  areas  are  also  shown  on  the  map  as  having  land 
values  of  over  $250,  but  this  is  not  true  of  all  the  districts.  Even  the  larger  irrigated 
areas  were  too  small  to  show  other  than  in  black,  and  many  smaller  districts  could  not 
be  shown  at  all.  The  regions  of  low  land  values  are  the  arid  and  semiarid  lands  of 
the  West,  the  sandy,  thin,  or  stony  soils  of  the  upper  Lakes  area  and  the  North  Atlantic 
States,  and  the  light  or  leached  lands  in  parts  of  the  South,  where  also  much  of  the 
farm  may  be  in  forest.  The  first  box  in  the  legend  should  read  $0-$10,  the  second  box 
$ll-$25. 


A   Graf  hie  Summary  of  America/n  Agricultv/re. 


87 


r7>jf,    104 Over  one-third  of   the  value  of  farm  property   in   the  United    States   is  in 

thf&rn  Belt  andTaiay  two  fifths  of  the  value  of  farm  land  The  average  value  of 
farm  llnd  per  acre  JanuVy  1,  1920.  was  $148  in  ^he  Corn  Belt  as  compared 
$40  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  $48  in  the  Hay  and  Pasture  Region  and  ^fl  i"  tn  ^ir^a^^ 
Plains  Region  Only  in  the  South  Pacific  Coast  Region  does  the  va  ue  of  ''arm  piop- 
erty  per  square  mili  and  of  farm  land  per  acre  (f  114)  approach  he  valu  s  u  th 
CoYn  Belt.  Note  the  districts  of  greater  values  adjoining  New  York  Uty,  I  hUadelphia, 
Detroit,  and  the  Twin  Cities,  also  the  Blue  Grass  district  in  Kentucky. 


88 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  19M. 


Fig.  105. — The  value  of  farm  buildings  is  greatest  in  southeastern  Pennsylvania, 
•where  it  exceeds  the  value  of  the  land,  and  averages  .?4,000  to  $5,000  per  farm.  In  the 
Corn  Belt  the  average  value  of  farm  buildings  is  $3,400  per  farm,  and  it  is  almost  as 
much  in  the  Spring  Wheat  Area,  and  the  southern  portion  of  the  Hay  and  Pasture 
Kegion.  In  the  Cotton  Belt,  on  the  other  hand,  the  average  value  is  only  $738,  owing 
in  part  to  the  lai'ge  number  of  negro  shanties.  However,  the  value  of  the  buildings  on 
the  landlord's  farm  in  a  plantation  is  almost  as  great  as  the  values  in  the  Corn  Belt. 
These  values  of  farm  Imildings  include  Ijarns  and  outbuildings,  and  since  the  value 
of  the  house  is,  in  general,  about  half  that  of  all  farm  buildings,  the  average  value 
of  farm  houses  in  the  United  States  is  only  about  $900. 


Fig.  106. — About  one-half  of  the  value  of  farm  implements  and  machinery  in  the 
United  States  was  reported  in  1920  from  the  Corn  Belt  and  the  Hay  and  Pasture 
Region;  but  the  greatest  value  per  farm  ($1,370*  was  in  the  Spring  Wheat  .\rpa.  In 
the  general  farming  districts  of  the  North  and  West  the  average  farm  had  about 
$1,000  worth  of  machinery  in  1920,  but  the  much  smaller  amount  per  farm  in  the 
Cotton  Belt  ($215),  and  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region  ($400),  reduced  the 
Nation's  average  to  $557.  The  proportion  which  the  value  of  machinery  and  imple- 
ments constituted  of  the  total  value  of  farm  property  was  extraordinarily  uniform,  ranging 
around  4  to  5  per  cent  in  all  the  regions,  except  in  the  Hay  and  Pastui'e  Region,  where  it 
constituted  7  per  cent. 


A   Graphic  Smnrnm^  of  American  Agriculture. 


89 


Pig.  107. — The  Corn  Belt  contains  one-fourth  of  the  value  of  all  live  stock  in  the 
United  States,  or  somewhat  more  than  the  entire  western  half  oi  the  country.  There  is 
also  dense  distribution  in  southern  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  in  New  York,  and  in  south- 
eastern Pennsylvania,  in  which  districts  dairying  is  very  important.  The  greatest  aver- 
age value  per  farm,  ovei- $3,0U0,  is  in  the  Arid  Intermountain  and  the  Great  Plains  regions; 
the  smallest,  $583,  in  the  Cotton  Belt.  However,  the  proportion  which  value  of  live  stock 
constitutes  of  the  total  farm  investment  is  12  per  cent  in  the  Cotton  Belt,  as  compared 
with  8  per  cent  in  the  Corn  Belt.  The  greate.st  proportion,  18  per  cent,  Is  foiuid  in  the 
Rocky  Mountain  and  Arid  Intermountain  regions. 


In  north-central  Illinois  the  expenditure  for  feed  is  much  less  because  the  corn  i.s  largely 
Bold  to  the  near-by  Chicago  market,  and  few  cattle  or  hogs  are  raised.  (See  Figs  1.8,  81. 
89,  and  107.)  The  heavier  expenditure  shown  in  the  Puget  Sound  and  Willamette  Val- 
leys is  largely  for  feed  for  dairy  cows,  while  in  California  the  feed  is  bought  principally 
for  dairy  cows  and  poultry. 


L 


90 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  192L 


\^-.^^ 

EXPENDITURE 

FOR  FERTILIZER 

. 

P    /T 

■~^ 

.>________^                    DURI 

\IG   1919 

EACH  DOT 

REPRESENTS              /         •    '-K 

1             T" 

{ 

^ 

I 

_l-    1 

$100000 

f 

( 

s? 

1 

l~h- 

\-        •  •  7^ 

►-^ 

A^ 

iBwam.  Fot  mass 

EXPENDITURE  FOR  FERTIUZER 

1 

j-^ — — 

\     •    /'•■:■':•■■ 

y  ■.  ■  ■■'vH' 

W 

n 

SKTt 

TOTAL  PAID 

-sr 

Md 

»7.?59,067 
7,610.478 

J343 
194 

l(l\« 

TOTAL  AND  PER  FA«M  DURING  1919 

\ 

LJi'-'-  ■:.  .•^7' 

\ 

4,893,658 
4,872,543 
4,288,165 
3,941,488 

386 
74 
60 
83 

STATE 

lOTAl  PAIO 

™. 

STATI 

TOTAL  PAID 

iTti 

^'^'^ 

^\ 

Mm 
Mo 

S.C.. 

ISI,S46,J9S 

1297 

Al. .  .  . 

S14,06S,I08 

S80 

N.C.. 

4»,;96,69< 

711 

OliiO   .    . 

I3.206.0J8 

80 

V          t?' 

\m                  1 

Mail 

C.  ... 

46,196,414 

16S 

N,  J. .  . 

I0,il2,682 

472 

I         '^ 

'^         J 

102 

1?,27;.70S 

m 

n<... 

I0J16,929 

3S7 

\_    H 

\^^     J 

»74 

P.  ... 
HI.. 

IS,t28,34I 
IS.067.371 

m     Ind... 

8,734,698 
8,182,998 

88 
497 

^ 

^ 

133 

(Ml.. 

_ 

U  S_ 

326,399,800 

144 

Fig.  109. — Fertilizer  is  used  at  present  principally  on  the  more  intensively  cultivated 
crops,  particularly  cotton,  tobacco,  fruit,  and  truck,  including  potatoes  ;  and  almost  wholly 
as  yet  in  the  Eastern  States,  where  the  rainfall  is  heavier  and  the  soils  more  leached. 
About  half  of  the  expenditure  in  1919  was  in  the  Coastal  Plain  and  Piedmont  portions 
of  Geoi-gia,  the  Carolinas,  and  Virginia.  Minor  areas  are  the  trucking  districts  of  New 
Jersey  and  Long  Island,  the  tobacco-onion  district  of  the  Connecticut  Valley,  the  Aroos- 
took potato  district  in  Maine,  and  the  fruit-trucking  district  in  southern  California. 
Especially  significant  and  prophetic  is  the  considerable  expenditure  shown  in  Ohio  and 
Indiana  and  even  in  Illinois  and  Iowa. 


Fig.  110. — The  expenditure  for  labor  in  1919  was  greatest  in  the  trucking,  fruit,  and 
dairying  areas,  especially  the  coastal  belt  from  Norfolk,  Va.,  to  Salem,  Mass.,  the  Ontario 
lowland  of  New  York,  the  Elgin  dairy  district  of  northern  Illinois  and  southern  Wis- 
consin, and  the  irrigated  valleys  of  the  West.  Heavv  expenditure  is  also  shown  in  most 
of  the  Corn  Belt,  and  somewhat  less  in  the  Winter  and  Spring  Wheat  Areas.  Although 
cotton  is  a  crop  requiring  much  more  labor  than  any  other  major  crop,  the  cash  expendi- 
ture is  small  in  the  Cotton  Belt  because  most  of  the  labor  is  furnished  by  croppers  and 
tenants.  In  the  Black  Prairie  of  Texas,  however,  many  Mexicans  are  hired  to  pick 
cotton. 


A   Graphic  Swmmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


91 


ssasaaa; 


:?32333SSa3: 


33a3a^2S33g22-:222^3 


35asgS5a3S355i3a3S 


k 


Fig.  111. — The  avonipp  value  of  farms,  including  bnihlinKs,  machinery,  and  live  stock, 
in  the  prairie  portion  of  the  Corn  Kelt  and  tlie  southern  part  of  the  Sprinjr  Wlicat 
Region  is  about  .?4(>,000.  The  high  values  shown  in  western  Texas  and  northern  Nevada 
are  mostly  of  cattle  ranches,  which  are  few  in  numlwr  and  larfre  in  area,  often  in<luding 
thousands  of  acres  of  arid  range.  In  central  and  southern  California,  on  tlie  other  hand, 
many  of  the  high-priced  farms  are  small.  Init.  consist  of  expensive  orchards,  or  of  heaa 
or  sugar-beet  land.  The  very  low-priced  farms  shown  in  the  eastern  Cotton  Itelt  are, 
in  large  part,  small  cropper  or  tenant  holdings  in  plantations.  The  light  areas  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  represent  poor  mountain   farms. 


92 


Yearbooh  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig.  112. — The  extent  of  farm  tenancy  is  commonly  measured  by  the  proportion  of 
farmers  who  are  tenants  ;  but  often  of  equal  significance  is  the  proportion  of  the  im- 
proved land,  or  the  proportion  of  the  value  of  land  and  buildings  included  in  their 
farms.  In  Illinois,  for  instance,  less  than  43  per  cent  of  the  farmers  are  tenants,  but 
these  tenants  operate  48  per  cent  of  the  improved  land,  and  their  farms  include  over  52 
per  cent  of  the  value  of  land  and  buildings  in  the  State.  In  Alabama,  on  the  other  hand, 
nearly  58  per  cent  of  the  farmers  are  tenants,  but  the  tenants  operate  only  about  the 
same  proportion  of  improved  land  as  the  tminiits  in  Illinois,  and  their  farms  include  only 
about  40  per  cent  of  the  value  of  land  and  buildings. 


A   Graphic  Sum  mar  i/  of  American  Agriculture. 


93 


Pig.  113. — This  map  shows  the  relativp  extent  of  tenancy  from  the  standpoint  of 
Improved  land.  The  principal  areas  having  over  60  per  cent  of  the  improve<i  land 
operated  by  tenants  are  the  richest  portiohs  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  of  the  Cotton  Belt 
(see  Figs.  22  and  24).  Thes<>  are  our  most  productive  areas  fsce  Fijr.  21),  in  which  many 
of  the  farmers  or  planters  can  afford  to  retire  to  town  and  be  .supported  by  the  rent  of 
their  farms.  The  small  proportion  of  improved  land  operated  by  tenants  in  the  hills  of 
New  England,  in  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains,  on  the  sandy  lower  coastal  plain 
of  the  South,  and  in  the  arid  areas  of  the  West  is  noteworthy. 


I 


94 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  AgricvZture^  1921. 


FARMS    OPERATED    BY    WHITE    OWNERS 
NUMBER.  JAN.   1.   1920 


NUMBER  OF  FARMS 
OPERATED  BY  WHITE  OWNERS 


STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

Mo... 

I83J86 

P..  . 

153,237 

Tex.. 

177,671 

N.Y.. 

151,288 

Ohio. 

176.933 

Tenn. 

138,242 

tx?..;: 

174.008 

Ind. . . 

136,904 

158.932 

Minn. 

132,567 

Mich. 

158,842 

III.   .   . 

132,040 

3,691,866 


Fig.  114. — The  largest  number  of  farms  operated  by  white  owners  is  found  among  the 
Germans  of  southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  eastern  Wisconsin,  the  mountaineers  of  west- 
ern Pennsylvania  and  the  southern  Appalachians,  and  the  pioneers  in  the  West.  The 
fewer  number  of  farm  owner-operators  in  the  prairie  portion  of  the  Corn  Belt,  as  com- 
pared with  the  originally  forested  portion  (see  Fig.  7),  is  noteworthy.  This  is  due,  in 
part,  to  the  larger,  consequently  fewer,  farms  (see  Fig,  102),  and  in  part  to  the  larger 
proportion  of  tenants  (see  Fig.  112).  The  thinner  distribution  in  northei'n  New  England, 
the  upijer  Lates  region,  and  the  We.st  is  owing  to  fewer  farms  and  not  to  a  smaller  pro- 
portion of  farms  operated  by  owners  (see  Fig.  113). 


ft 

FARMS 

OPERATED 
NUMBER, 

BY 

JAN. 

WHITE 
1,     1920 

TENANTS 

EACH   DOT  REPRESENTS 
500  FARMS 

r\; 

t 

r        / 

NUMBER  OF 
OPERATED  BY? 

^ 

J 

I 

^1 

1- 

a- 

\ 

K 

H'' 

•  V 

r 

•.  •.'  i 

^ 

"1^ 

V 

f^y 

7       \ 

KUMBEK  OF  FAKMS 

s. 

"S^^\^-v       \ 

STATE 

NUMBER 

FARMS 

CHITE  TENANTS 

-"-^"A 

N   C 

Ark 

Nebr 

Pa 

Minn. 

Miu.  . 

S.C  . 

N.  Y.. 

Mich. 

Other 

63.542  ; 
62.4C7 
53,354  ' 
44,1.'7 
44,1C9  : 
41,954 
38,163 
37,006 
34.561   1 
262.060  i 

j  STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

'  \^ 

'  Tex.  . . 

ni — 

Ga.... 
Iowa.. 
Okla.  . 
K,.... 

177,198 
101.196 
93,016 
89,064 
88.684 
S3,0S6 

IVIo.       . 
Ohio  .  . 
Tenn.  . 
AU.     . 
Kan!.  . 
ind.  .  . 

75,727 
75,644 
75,596 
70,395 
66,701 
65,587 

_z 



.y-' 

U.S.  . 

1,740.363] 

Fig.  115. — The  largest  number  of  farms  operated  by  white  tenants  is  in  the  upper 
Piedmont  of  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  and  Alabama,  and  in  the  Black  Waxy  Prairie  of 
Texas.  In  these  districts  negroes  are  less  numerous  than  to  the  South  and  East,  and 
the  cotton  is  grown  mostly  by  white  farmers.  The  proportion  of  tenancy  is  about  the 
same  as  in  central  Illinois.  A  large  number  of  white  tenants  are  shown  in  Kentucky 
and  western  Ohio,  e.specially  in  the  tobacco  districts,  and  throughout  the  Corn  Belt. 
The  small  number  of  tenants,  as  compared  with  owners  (Fig.  114),  is  notable  in  the 
Hay  and  Pasture  Region  and  in  the  West. 


A    Graphic  Summary  of  Americcm.  AgAcultv/re. 


95 


"^ 

FARMS 

OPERATED 
NUMBER 

BY    COLORED    OWNERS 
JAN.  1.  1920 

r\' 

NUMBER  OF  FARMS 

J— 

.^                           500  FARMS                           /                 J 

— L 

\       \ 



J    ^ 

■  •.•.■••\          yV 

li                          — 

^         ; 

NUMBEK  OF  FAKMS 

(Continued) 

STAlt 

NUMBER 

OPERATED  BY  COLORED  OWNERS 

Okl*  . 
Fl.... 
Ky... 
Md   .. 
Mo  .. 
N.M. . 
Calif. 

9.488  1 

6.320  \ 

5.319 

3.549  t 

1.644 

1.643 

1.243 

STATE 

NUMBER 

STATE 

NUMBER 

v.... 

T.»  .  . 

Miu.. 
S.C.. 
,N.C.. 

30.949 
23.M9 
23,179 
22,759 
22,277 

Ala   .. 
C... 
Ark  .. 
U  ... 
Tenn  . 

17,202 
16,042 
15.373 
10,986 
9,840 

J_J___. 

U.S.. 

1  S33,222  1 

Fig.  116. — The  largest  numl)Pr  cif  farms  opex'ated  l).v  negro  mvner.s  i.^  found  in  eastern 
Viiginia.  southeastern  South  Carolina,  and  northeastern  Texas,  all  areas  of  cheap  land, 
in  Virginia  there  are  almost  twice  as  many  farms  operated  by  negro  owners  as  hy  negro 
tenants,  and  in  Florida  the  numbers  are"  alx)ut  equal,  but  in  the  Cotton  Belt  "tenant.^ 
greatly  exceed  owners  in  number  (see  Fig.  117).  Of  the  233,222  farms  in  the  United 
States  operated  by  negro  and  non-white  owners,  only  9,153  are  in  the  North  and  West. 
However,  71  per  cent  of  the  negro  and  non-white  farmers  in  the  North  and  West  own 
their  farms,  as  compared  with  24  per  cent  in  the  South.  The  dots  in  the  western  States 
represent  mostly  farms  owned  and  operated  by  Indians,  Chinese,  and  Japanese. 


Fig.  117. — The  negro  tenant  and  cropper  farms  or  holdings  are  located  mostly  in  the 
Yazoo-Mississippi  Delta,  in  the  Black  I'rairie  of  Alabama,  and  in  (he  upper  Coastal 
Plain  and  Piedmont  of  Georgia  and  the  CaJifornias — districts  having  the  richest  .soils  in 
the  old  South.  Many  of  these  "  farms  "  are  merely  allotments  to  croppers  on  phmta- 
tions,  the  owner  of  the  plantation  furnishing  the  "  cropper  "  with  his  mule,  his  farm 
implements,  and  sometimes,  even,  with  food,  until  the  crop  is  "  made  "  in  the  fall  and 
the  proceeds  divided  between  them.  Negro  tenants  are  much  fewer  in  Texas  becau.^e 
of  historical  reasons.  The  dots  shown  in  California  represent  mostly  Japanese  and 
Chinese  tenant  farmers. 

7550°— 22 7 


96 


Yeafhooh  of  fixe  Department  of  Agnculture^  1921. 


Fig.  118. — Statistics  of  population  outside  incorporated  places,  although  including 
many  suburbanites,  mill  workers,  and  miners,  especially  in  Pennsylvania,  afforded  the 
closest  approximation  to  farm  population  prior  to  .Tunej  1922.  In  the  1920  census  the 
enumerators  indicated  for  the  first  time  persons  living  on  farms.  The  resulting  tabula-' 
tion  shows  31,614,000  people,  or  about  three-fourths  those  living  outside  incorporated 
places.  However,  a  map  of  farm  population  showing  distribution  by  counties,  like 
the  map  above,  could  not  be  prepared,  as  the  statistics  were  tabulated  onlv  by  States. 
Pi.gure  97.  showing  number  of  farms,  may  be  used  to  compare  the  relative  den.sity  of  farm 
population  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  since  the  number  of  people  per  farm 
ranges  from  four  to  five  in  most  States,  except  in  the  South,  where  there  are  five  to  six. 


A   Graphic  Swmmary  of  American  Agriculture. 


97 


r^Jr^^dW^W. 


SSRSSSf»SSS:2S2- 


lli^j 


iii^^ii^ 


'= 


"3 

X 

o 


2ii 

i  QC 

Lli  2  LLJ 
O  S  CQ 


aJJI^J.^'^ 


Fig.  119. — "  Village  "  population  includes  many  people  living  on  farm.*!  within  the 
village  limits.  It  includes  also  many  retired  farmers,  especially  in  the  Corn  Helt  and 
in  the  South  and  West,  and  tradesmen  who  serve  the  farmei-s'  lieeds.  In  the  Northeast 
a  considerable  factory  population  resides  in  villaiies.  Tlie  geograi)hic  distribution  of 
village  population  in  the  Corn  Belt,  and  in  the  Spring  Wlieat  and  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  Hay  and  Pasture  regions,  is  nmiarkably  uniform.  Whereas,  farm  iHipula- 
tion  and  country  population  (see  Figs.  97  and  118)  are  densest  in  the  South  and  Fast, 
village  population  is  densest  in  the  Corn  Belt.  It  is  also  relatively  dense  In  Utah, 
where  many  of  the  Morman  farmers  live  in  villages. 


I 


98 


Tea/hook  of  the  DepartmetH  of  Agriculture^  1921. 


Fig.  120. — rOver  half  of  the  ui'ban  population  in  the  United  States  resides  within  the 
Flay  and  Pasture  Region.  The  urban  population  in  this  region  constitutes  nearly 
three-fourths  of  its  total  population,  and  over-one-fourth  of  the  total  population  of  the 
United  States.  Into  this  region  the  food  and  fibers  of  the  West  and  South  constantly 
move.  The  center  of  urban  population,  however,  is  located  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  Corn  Belt,  near  Piqua,  Ohio ;  while  the  center  of  agricultural  production  is  over 
400  miles  to  the  west,  near  Jefferson  City,  Mo.  Outside  this  Hay  and  Pasture  Region 
the  principal  centers  of  urban  population  are  found  along  the  northern  margin  of  the 
Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region,  and  on  or  near  the  Pacific  coast.  Towns  of  2.500  to  10.000 
population  are  shown  by  the  smaller  size  dot ;  larger  cities  by  circles  of  varying  size. 


A   Graphic  Swmmary  of  American  Agnculture. 


99 


I 


Fig.  121. — Tractors  are  most  numerous  in  the  Corn  Belt,  in  the  S|)rinK  anil  Winti'r 
Wheat  Areas,  and  in  California.  In  the  Spring  Wheat  Area,  on  .January  1,  1!)2(». 
about  1  fai-m  in  6  had  a  tractor  ;  in  the  Corn  Belt,  in  Kansas,  and  in  California  about 
1  farm  in  10  ;  elsewhere  in  the  T'nited  States  1  farm  in  20  to  50,  except  in  the  State.s 
south  of  the  Ohio  and  Potomac  Rivers,  where  less  than  1  farm  in  10(1  had  a  tractor. 
The  acreage  of  cotton  a  farmer  can  handle  is  not  limited  by  the  acreag*-  he  can  plow 
and  plant,  as  with  wheat,  or  can  cultivate,  as  with  corn,  but  by  tlie  amount  lie  can 
pick,  and  a  tractor  can  not  help  In  picking  cotton. 


Fig.  122. — Two-fifths  of  the  2.000.000  automobiles  on  farms  in  the  United  States, 
January  1,  1920,  were  in  the  Corn  Belt  (see  Fig.  104).  Fi-om  one-half  in  the  (ja.stern 
portion  to  three-fourths  of  the  farms  in  the  western  portion  of  the  Corn  l.oli  had  auto- 
mobiles, and  about  half  the  farms  in  Wisconsin.  Minnesota,  the  Dakotas.  and  Calitornia. 
Eastward  from  the  Corn  Belt  the  proportion  drops  to  one-third  ol  the  larms  In  .New 
York  and  one-fourth  in  New  England:  southward  it  drops  to  one-sevrntb  in  t"';  '='•',"" 
linas  and  Georgia  and  to  onf-lwentieth  in  Mi.ssissippi.  An  automobile  is  of  little  neip 
to  a  negro  cropper,  or  even  a  poor  white  tenant  in  the  South,  either  in  marketing  iiis 
cotton  or  in  attending  to  his  business. 


I 


100 


Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculimre^  1921. 


Fig.  123. — About  one-half  of  the  farms  in  New  England  and  in  California  have  water 
piped  into  the  house,  about  one-fourth  of  the  farms  in  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Oregon, 
and  Washington ;  about  one-eighth  of  tlie  farms  in  the  Corn  Belt ;  and  1  farm  in  50  to 
100  in  the  Cotton  Belt.  These  differences  are  due,  in  part,  to  differences  in  per  capita 
rural  wealth  in  the  several  sections  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  percentage  of 
tenancy,  and  in  part  to  differences  in  the  consideration  shown  for  the  health  and  comfort 
of  the  housewife. 


P^iG.  124. — Telephones  are  most  common  on  the  farms  of  the  Corn  Belt  and  of  Kansas, 
in  which  region  from  60  to  90  per  cent,  varying  with  the  State,  possess  this  con- 
venience. In  the  Hay  and  Pasture,  the  Spring  Wheat,  and  the  Pacific  Coast  Regions 
about  half  the  farms  have  telephones ;  in  Texas  and  Oklahoma  about  one-third  of  the 
farms;  in  the  Corn  and  Winter  Wheat  Region  (except  Kansas),  in  the  Great  Plains  and 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Regions  about  a  quarter,  of  the  farms ;  but  in  the  Cotton  Belt, 
east  of  Texas  and  Oklahoma,  only  from  5  to  15  per  cent.  The  proportion  of  the 
farms  possessing  a  telephone  is  indicative  of  the  general  diffusion  of  rural  progress  and 
prosperity. 


The  following  statistics  of  farm  population,  coUectccl  for  the  first  time  in  the  Census 
of  1920,  have  become  available  sinee  Figure  118  and  the  explanatory  note  liem-iti,  woro 
prepared.     These  statistics  are  so  important  that  tliey  are  given  in  fiill. 

Farm  Population,  by  (ieographic  Divisions  and  Staks,  V.)2(). 


Total. 

I 

1  cities  of- 

- 

In  rural  territory. 

Division  and  State. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  entire 
popu- 
lation . 

.   25,000 
or  more. 

10,000 

to 
25,000. 

2,500 

to 
10,000. 

Number. 

Percent 
of  entire 
rural 
popu- 
lation. 

United  States 

31, 614, 269 

625, 877 
1,892,789 
4, 913, 63;i 
5, 171, 596 
6,416,698 
5, 182, 937 
5, 228, 199 
1, 168, 367 
1,014,173 

197, 601 
76, 021 
125, 263 
118,554 
15, 136 
93, 302 

800,747 
143,  70S 
948,  ;134 

1,139,329 
907,295 

1,098,262 
848, 710 
920,037 

897, 181 
984,  799 
1,211,:346 
394,  500 
362, 221 
584, 172 
737, 377 

51,212 

279, 225 

894 

1,064,417 

477,  924 

1,501,227 

1,074,693 

1,685,213 

281,  893 

1, 304, 862 
1, 271, 708 
1, 335, 885 
1,270,482 

1, 147, 049 

786,050 

1,017,-327 

2, 277, 773 

225, 667 
200,902 

67, 306 
266,  073 
161,  446 

90,560 
140, 249 

16,164 

283, 382 
214, 021 
516, 770 

29.9 

8.5 
8.5 
22.9 
41.2 
45.9 
58.3 
51.0 
35.0 
18.2 

25.7 
17.2 
35.5 
3.1 
2.5 
6.8 

7.7 
4.6 
10.9 

19.8 
31.0 
16.9 
23.1 
35.0 

37.6 
41.0 
35.6 
61.0 
56.9 
45.1 
41.7 

23.0 
19.3 
.  2 
46!  1 
32.7 
58.7 
63.8 
58.2 
29.1 

•54.0 
54.4 
56.9 
71.0 

65.  5 
43.7 
50.2 

48.8 

41.1 
46.5 
34.6 
28.3 
44.8 
27.1 
31.2 
20.9 

20.9 
27.3 
15.1 

52, 955 

8,  i:}2 
12, 804 
9,279 
5,757 
3,273 
1,202 
1,808 
871 
9,829 

1,301 

818 

36, 131 

16,790 
2,%2 
3,094 
3,299 
741 
514 
1,962 
1,182 
5,587 

3,348 
2,751 

244 
8,269 
1,332 

846 

1,643 
703 
616 

750 
260 
891 

408 
785 

518 
859 
306 
759 
5 
113 
739 

166,543 

65, 533 
1.5, 862 
14.056 

9r:i57 
14,927 

6,415 
13,859 
L3,321 
13,213 

3, 926 
7,845 
574 
44,324 
7,748 
1,116 

8,889 
4,268 
2,705 

2,177 
1,704 
3, 940 
2,566 
3,669 

2,302 

3, 273 

1,500 

119 

295 

1,190 

678 

27 
164 

31,358,640 

535,422 
1,861,161 
4, 887,  204 
5, 153, 18:3 
C,:397,7,57 
5,174,806 
5,210,570 
1, 152, 993 

985,544 

189, 026 
64,607 

124,445 

61, 732 

5, 315 

90,297 

782,9r)4 
1:36, 847 
941,300 

1,133,912 
902,820 

1,090,7:36 
844,499 
915,237 

893, 460 
977, 694 
1, 207, 899 
393,  622 
361,886 
582,  738 
735,884 

51, 151 

277, 656 

61.0 

34.9 
:53.3 
58.0 
65.9 
66.3 
7.5. 0 
71.7 

Geographic  divisions: 

New  England 

Middle  Atlantic 

East  North  Central 

West  North  Central 

South  Atlantic 

East  South  Central 

West  South  Central 

Mountain 

Pacific 

47  0 

New  England: 

Maine 

40  4 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont..    . 

;39. 6 
51  3 

M  assachusetts 

4,229 

741 

1,043 

7,261 
1,890 
3,653 

2,490 
2,511 
2,695 
1,237 
346 

901 
2,973 
1,641 

:30. 5 

Rhode  Island 

34  9 

Connecticut 

20.3 

Middle  Atlantic: 

New  York 

43  6 

New  Jersey 

20.1 

Pennsylvania 

30.2 

East  North  Central: 

Ohio 

54.5 

_          Indiana 

62.4 

m          Illinois 

52.4 

■          Michigan 

59.2 

^          Wisconsin 

66.0 

West  North  Central: 

Minnesota 

66.9 

Iowa 

64.0 

Missouri 

()6. 5 

North  Dakota 

70.5 

South  Dakota 

35 
131 
76 

34 

1,391 

894 

190 

286 

207 

70 

96 

105 

100 
823 
279 

67.7 

Nebraska 

65.4 

Kansas 

63. 9 

South  Atlantic: 

Delaware 

;30.0 

Maryland 

14 

47.9 

j,           District  of  Columbia 

1         Virginia 

48 
75 
237 
103 
230 
34 

141 
183 
118 
72 

472 

32 

170 

1,288 

45 

497 

31 

86 

9 

1 

507 

6 

248 

63 

5,276 

4,266 
932 
8:57 
2,041 
4,  276 
2,  .384 

2,279 

1,523 

975 

1,638 

1,062 
1,294 
1,085 
9,818 

226 

3,842 

199 

503 

895 

350 

7,251 

55 

1,507 
1,749 
9,9,57 

1,059,913 
476, 631 
1,499,946 
1,072,479 
1,680,611 
279, 370 

1,  ;302,  :342 
1,.269, 179 
1,:334,513 
1, 268,  772 

1, 144, 482 

784, 455 

1,015,899 

2, 265, 734 

22,5, 389 
196,563 

67, 076 
265, 281 
160,542 

90,167 
131,872 

16,103 

280,022 
212,009 
493, 513 

64.8 

W         West  Virginia 

4:3.5 

■         North  Carolina 

72. 5 

B         South  Carolina 

77.2 

K          Georgia 

77.5 

'•          Florida 

45.6 

East  South  Central: 

Kentucky 

73.0 

Tennessee 

73.5 

Alabama 

72.6 

Rlississippi 

•      81.8 

West  South  Central: 

Arkansas 

433 
269 
173 
933 

7 

78.3 

Louisiana 

67.0 

Oklahoma 

68.2 

Texas 

71.9 

Mountain : 

Montana 

69.8 

Idaho 

62.8 

Wyoming. . . 

48.9 

Colorado 

203 

54.5 

54.3 

Arizona 

42 
619 

41.6 

Utah 

56.4 

25.9 

Pacific: 

Wasliington 

1,605 

200 

8,024 

46.1 

Oregon 

.54.0 

California 

4.5.1 

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OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FROM 

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